This survey represents a preliminary step toward demonstrating the diversity of motivations and circumstances that characterize cultural participation. This report examines only live attendance. The evidence presented in this report indicates the pressing need for additional analyses that make diversity a central facet of examining other dimensions of participation. The phone survey of a random sample of Americans age 18 and older was conducted during June and July 2004. The 1,231 people who participated represent a response rate of 45 percent. The study built on and extended an earlier survey of arts participation in five local communities conducted by the Urban Institute in 1998, also commissioned by the Wallace Foundation. The primary innovation of the present survey was that it includes questions about respondents' most recently attended cultural event. This information allowed the researchers to link specific types of motivations, experiences, and venues to attendance at different types of events, and thus compare their commonalities and differences. After summarizing respondents' overall attendance during the previous 12 months, this report focuses primarily on that section of the survey. In doing so, motivations and experiences surrounding cultural participation are also discussed. Likewise, attention is given to attendance at different types of music events to supplement current information. These analyses argue for recognizing the diversity of cultural participation, even within disciplines. Survey Questions: Paper Conversion of the Computer-Assisted Telephone Interview Instrument is appended. (Contains 10 exhibits.) [The Wallace Foundation commissioned the Urban Institute to conduct the study represented in this report.]