Schools and districts have long grappled with race- and disability-based exclusionary discipline inequities. Research on the topic has uncovered a variety of systems that maintain such disparities, including school policies and practices that exacerbate the problem. Researchers and practitioners have increasingly considered school context and…

Using survey questionnaires and interviews, researchers studied student and teacher victimization in the Chicago (Illinois) Public Schools in 1979-80. Survey samples included 94 to 600 principals and 1,413 of 24,000 teachers in the school system and 12,882 of the 240,000 students in grades 7-12; 600 of the students were also interviewed. Data were…