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Download full textJohnson, Martin; Majewska, Dominika – Cambridge University Press & Assessment, 2022
This review uses research literature to outline the characteristics, benefits and disadvantages of formal, non-formal, and informal learning. There appears to be a consensus around the meanings of formal and informal learning. Formal learning broadly aligns with organised, institutionalised learning models (such as learning seen in schools),…
Descriptors: Teaching Methods, Informal Education, Models, Educational Cooperation
Direct linkAnaniadou, Katerina; Claro, Magdalean – OECD Publishing (NJ1), 2009
This paper discusses issues related to the teaching and assessment of 21st century skills and competencies in OECD countries drawing on the findings of a questionnaire study and other relevant background material such as white papers or curriculum documents. Although all OECD countries were invited to participate in the questionnaire survey,…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Educational Policy, Policy Analysis, International Education
