The aspects of the de jure or overt language policy attract many researchers, which is reasonable given the importance of legislation in nation-building. Scholars also pay attention to the de facto and covert language policies, which include informal and non-written aspects of language policy that can shed light on practical problems on the…

In their pledge to achieve Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 4, countries across the globe have turned their attention to improving quality education, which includes student learning assessments. For many countries, implementing learning assessments is crucial to monitoring educational outcomes by providing data for education policies and…