The United States and Germany are two predominantly monolingual countries with a significant number of multilingual speakers. Previous research on multilingualism in children on the autism spectrum has found no adverse effects on children's language and communication development but often excluded children with complex communication needs or…

Children's early numerical competencies are of great importance for later academic achievement. Young children gain these competencies in the context of the home numeracy environment (HNE). Additionally, child characteristics and families' socioeconomic status (SES) are associated with children's competencies. In this study, we investigated…

The home learning environment (HLE) index is composed of seven questions regarding educational parent-child interactions. To compare the psychometric characteristics of the six items of HLE index between the two different contexts of Germany and Iran, a sample including 468 preschool children from the National Educational Panel Study (NEPS),…

This article examines factors that promote active multilingualism. For this purpose, the "Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test" was used with 48 children. Their results were linked to a parental questionnaire designed to evaluate the children's linguistic input in their immediate environment. The study shows that, besides a minimum amount of…

TIMSS (Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study) is an international assessment of mathematics and science at the fourth and eighth grades that has been conducted every four years since 1995, with the most recent assessment in 2011. PIRLS (Progress in International Reading Literacy Study) is an international assessment of reading…