Although informal teacher learning (ITL) has been deemed critical for teachers in various contexts, it remains unknown how different kinds of ITL are associated with teacher self-efficacy, and how these relationships differ between public school teachers and private school teachers. Based on sociocultural theory and reflection theory, this study…

Purpose: It is vital in today's society that teachers are proactively involved in educational change. Given that proactive motivation is a critical driver of proactivity, this study aims to investigate how teachers' formal and informal workplace-learning experiences were connected with their proactive motivations to implement educational change.…

Learning takes place across different social contexts, and understanding how learners perceive and traverse different learning contexts enables educators to gain a more comprehensive view of their learning processes and to support their learning better. This study examined how undergraduate foreign language learners perceived their learning…