Middle school students (n=144) worked with an applet specially designed to introduce the concept of function without using algebraic representations. The purpose of the study was to examine whether the applet would help students to understand function as a relationship between a set of inputs and a set of outputs and to begin to develop a…

Teacher expectations have been researched for five decades. However, the question of whether or not expectations are stable or not over time has been infrequently investigated. Further, studies of stability have generally not controlled for achievement and expectations may be stable because achievement is stable. The current study investigated the…

We explore multi-modal machine learning-based approaches (facial expression recognition, auditory emotion recognition, and text sentiment analysis) to identify "negative moments" of teacher-student interaction during classroom teaching. Our analyses on a large (957 videos, each 20min) dataset of classroom observations suggest that: (1)…

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationships between adult students' mathematical micro-identities (informed by positioning theory) and their mathematics (informed by radical constructivism). I used positioning theory to conduct a detailed turn-by-turn analysis of students' micro-identities, and to inform my models of students'…

The appropriateness of guess and check as a problem-solving strategy has been debated. This qualitative study examines the use of guess and check by middle-grades students to solve linear systems of equations. Students' reasoning is examined within the number sequences framework, which is based in part on students' units coordination. Only…

Self-regulated learning (SRL) is a critical 21st -century skill. In this paper, we examine SRL through the lens of the searching, monitoring, assessing, rehearsing, and translating (SMART) schema for learning operations. We use microanalysis to measure SRL behaviors as students interact with a computer-based learning environment, Betty's Brain. We…

Unpacking middle school students' mathematical relationships is important as a step towards improving mathematical relationships. In this study, 500 middle school students drew personifications of mathematics. We examined these personifications of mathematics for insight into their relationships with mathematics. Using constant comparative…

As teachers shift their practice from traditional student-to-teacher interaction patterns to collaborative discussions around rich mathematics, they often encounter instructional challenges. One such challenge is deciding when to pursue interesting and productive ideas that run contrary to the particular mathematical goal of the lesson. In this…

As the field draws to greater consensus around components of productive mathematics classrooms, the need increases to answer questions about how we operationalize and measure these components and how we can actualize such practice in classrooms. This research report shares an analysis from a larger project aimed at describing and quantifying…

One crucial function of a classroom, and a school more generally, is to prepare students for future learning. Students should have the capacity to learn new information and to acquire new skills. This ability to "learn" is a core competency in our rapidly changing world. But how do we measure ability to learn? And how can we measure how…

The study aimed to explore the integration of lesson study into science teacher education programs to enhance preservice science teachers' pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) for STEM. The lesson study cycle encompassed planning, teaching, reflecting, re-teaching, and re-reflecting phases, and the participants' experiences regarding PCK for STEM…

Emotions come into play as teachers make decisions, act, and reflect on the different purposes, methods, and meanings of math teaching. In order to learn more about the emotions of mathematics teachers, this paper shows the emotions experienced by 81 Mexican teachers who teach mathematics in middle school and high school. Emotions are…

This descriptive study determined the relationship of peer bullying in the early adolescent period to family functions and children's behavior. The cohort for the research consisted of 320 students and parents who were selected by a simple random method from a middle school. The data were collected using the student and parent questionnaires,…

In solving mathematics problems in collaboration, students encounter a range of mathematical and social struggles. As teachers cannot possibly respond to every such struggle, they may need to respond to those with which students require most support. Yet, little is known about students' success in overcoming the various types of struggle they…

In this study, we explored enacted task characteristics (ETCs) that supported students' quantitative reasoning (QR). We employed a design-based methodology; we conducted a teaching experiment with eight secondary school students. Through ongoing and retrospective analyses, we identified ETCs which supported students' quantitative reasoning. The…