Several theoretical approaches have been offered to explain the phenomenon of reciprocity: trust-liking, social exchange, and modeling. The emphasis of previous research on self-disclosure reciprocity (descriptive reciprocation), the intimacy of the facts an individual reveals about him- or herself, stems largely from the fact that these…

Summaries of arguments given in the literature both for and against the use of verbal-traditional psychotherapy with mentally retarded individuals is presented. Much research examines process variables in therapy as an approach. Feedback variables are crucial. Results of a research study in which therapy groups composed of mentally retarded adults…

Intentional changes over the past two years in the lives of 45 women and men in Toronto were examined through interviews involving extensive probing and dialogue. The intentional changes turned out to be mostly through self-help. It was largely the person herself or himself who chose, planned, and implemented the change. The person often obtained…

A social, humanistic movement focusing on the needs and concerns of more advantaged, affluent persons has emerged, called the "Human Potential Movement." The emphasis of the movement centers around group processes, small group experiences, and the search for personal, interpersonal, and organizational growth. The development and…

A social, humanistic movement has emerged which focuses on the desire of many affluent and advantaged citizens for personal, interpersonal, transpersonal, and organizational growth. It has been termed the "Human Potential Movement." Growth centers, which emphasize the integrated totality of the person, have developed all over the United…

The purpose of this paper was to show how women medical students are socialized into their student role. The sample group was made up of 24 groups of six medical students, up to half of whom were women. The data were collected from responses to a questionnaire administered to the members of each group at the beginning of the semester and again at…

Prospective theater teachers not only can be trained to develop self-actualization in high school students, but they must develop self-actualization in themselves. Self-actualization, as the cornerstone of humanism, emphasizes the achievable goal of being (rather than becoming) creative, spontaneous, curious, concerned about others,…

Women who occupy the status of "never-married" form a social category virtually ignored by social scientists. The socialization and sex role literature indicate the normative expectation for middle class females is for adult life to be based around marriage, so those women who never marry deviate from societal expectations. And, women who never…

This paper discusses bell hooks' book of 15 short essays, "Teaching To Transgress: Education as the Practice of Freedom," which gathers hooks's central beliefs about the political purposes of higher education. The paper describes hooks' own lack of models for the kind of classroom she wished to create as a young teacher and her initial…

Presents three empirical studies as the major foundation to form the self awareness training program in counselor education. These empirical studies were done sequentially to: (1) define what self-awareness is; (2) explore how the self-awareness training strategy can be conducted along with existing courses; and (3) evaluate the effects of the…

The research question examined was whether significant differences in psychosocial development and self-actualization exist between adult cohort groups whose childhood development occurred under very different social, economic, and technological circumstances. Subjects were 113 white middle-aged and elderly adults from similar socioeconomic…

This paper briefly explores the related enterprises that assisted Virginia Woolf in her effort to re-form the English novel to include, not only the deeds, but the thoughts of her characters. Among these enterprises were Woolf's diaries, which she utilized to practice writing, work out her writing philosophy, and collect observations which would…

A brief phenomenology of meaning and values must be addressed by any theory of adult learning and by any theory of lifelong learning. These phenomena are characterized essentially by process, change, and alteration. However, these processes, changes, and alterations are not linear, modular, or determinable and predictable. These phenomena are…

The most serious approaches to teaching basic writing in the last 20 years have been framed by the competing metaphors of growth and metaphors of initiation. The growth model pulled attention away from the forms of academic discourse and toward what students could and could not do as writers, and encouraged teachers to respect and work with the…

Managing a marginal identity different from the dominant culture is a difficult process. For a woman who is a lesbian and also Jewish, this means feeling marginal in each of the communities she considers to be her primary support systems. Within the Jewish community, lesbianism is not acceptable, and within the lesbian community, there is often…