Five interpretations of equity are examined as they relate to the distribution of public goods and services. The first principle, utilitarianism, maintains that individuals are free to pursue their own interests and are rewarded according to contributions. The second principle, needs, is the basis of communist societies in which each gives…

This paper comments on and suggests alternatives to assumptions concerning child-rearing currently held by many Australians. That family-child relationships change as societies and economies change is a fact not commonly taken for granted, but is a conclusion reached by scholars examining the history of childhood. Recently in Australia, as…

This paper examines some of the historical and contemporary assumptions regarding the social and educational context of the use of corporal punishment on children, assumptions that are implicit in the Supreme Court's decision in the Ingraham v. Wright case. Beginning with a summary of the Florida case, the author outlines the Court's majority…

The Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, School District reorganized in the fall of 1970 to attain, among other things, racial balancing in all of its schools. Changes in policy and practice were comprehensive. The district adopted the 10 goals of quality education, developed by the Pennsylvania Department of Education, as the basis for program planning and…

Marked incongruity exists between the present language teaching system in Australia and the nation's social structure. Few of the languages spoken in the community by major ethnic groups are taught in the schools and little effect of the society's pluralism is evident in objectives and methods. Three causes of this situation are examined, and new…

This paper reports on the development of the Youth Bends Easily Instrument designed to assess children's attitudes toward human differences. The instrument was commissioned by the Madison Public Schools (Wisconsin) to evaluate the Individual Differences program designed to help primary grade children deal with racial, physical, and social…

This course description outlines the general and specific objectives for a course on "Women in German Literature," which investigates the changing literary and social roles of women from the beginning of the 19th Century to the present: women as seen by man, by another woman and in introspection. This course description was successfully used in a…

Undergraduate students (N=1,271) from a consortium of small private colleges in California, a mid-size university in California, a large public university in Texas, and a large commuter university in Illinois were surveyed on their experience with ethnic and racial hatred. Based upon self-report, 54.3% of the sample were European American, 18%…

Preventing the spread of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) among women is a national priority. In the United States, AIDS is the sixth leading cause of death among young adult women, and their rate of infection is four times higher than men. This article was developed to help stimulate interest in the power dynamics of relationships and…

This study focused on how school-age children develop and refine their strategies for dealing with aversive emotions, defined as fear, shame, anger, sadness, and hurt feelings. Two groups of children were used, one from a public school, serving a working class neighborhood, and the other from a sexual abuse treatment agency. The aversive emotions…

This paper outlines a collaborative research project between six teacher training universities in Australia and South Africa which investigated preservice teachers' acceptance of and social interactions with people with a disability. Preservice teachers (n=2,850) were asked to complete a 20-item Interactions with Disabled Person Scale and twelve…

Using qualitative methods (longitudinal observations and intensive interviews with teachers), this study examined in elementary classrooms the socialization over time of one race-gender group: white girls. Analysis focused on four domains of classroom social life that contribute to race-gender differentiated socialization: teachers' perceptions…

A set of procedures for evaluating language planning and policy is proposed. The method, developed to assess language policy implementation in Morocco since independence in 1956, is suggested as a diagnostic device to assist specialists in evaluating previously implemented plans and those in progress. It isolates the linguistic and extralinguistic…

Communication imposes a social order and interaction patterns which individuals accept as children, but it is not known to what extent or when in the life cycle preferred rhythms of social involvement and withdrawal are established. To assess the extent to which the elderly lose control of their patterns of interaction, case studies of four…

Twelve priority areas for health education in the 1980s are identified, based on the magnitude and seriousness of the problems addressed; the solidity of the research base; and the likelihood that health education may facilitate improvement in the area. The twelve areas are: (1) cigarette smoking; (2) aging and the aged; (3) mental health; (4)…