Empirical studies of Japanese work ethics have tended to focus on male workers while neglecting women. In addition, work values in both Japan and the United States appear to be changing. More information is needed on the work values of American and Japanese female workers. A study was conducted to explore the work ethics of Japanese women and to…

The Women's National Press Club (WNPC) existed in Washington, D.C., from 1919 to 1971 primarily because the National Press Club (NPC) refused to admit women. The WNPC offered mutual support in the face of male hostility. Women were virtually cut off from news sources; 20 women had Capitol press gallery privileges in 1879, but they were effectively…

In 1977 the Center for Continuing Education of Women (CEW) at the University of Michigan initiated a study of the lives of women who had gone to CEW during 1964-73. Effects of the transition from the traditional wife-mother-homemaker role to employment were examined among women of different ages and points of the life cycle, with particular…

This paper discusses some of the ways women can combat inequities in the educational system that keep them from attaining top administrative posts. It includes a discussion of attitudes and stereotypes that limit women's upward mobility. A checklist of recommendations for handling on-the-job problems is also offered, as are suggestions for helping…

A study examined the impact of sex composition of occupation on women's earnings and the structure of wage determination in "masculine" and "feminine" occupations. Data--a national sample of women--came from the Project Talent Data Bank. Results indicated that, overall, women in "masculine" occupations earned approximately 42% more annually than…

During the final years of the nineteenth century, among the leaders of the American Froebelian kindergarten movement were three dual-career couples who exemplified the concept of egalitarian marriage: John Kraus and Maria Kraus-Boelte, William and Eudora Hailmann, and Ada Morean Hughes and John Hughes. This paper focuses on the way these six…

This study explored the role of employment as a focus of identity in women's divorce adjustment. Based on data from 40 semi-structured interviews, four salient aspects of the worker's role were measured: (1) meaningfulness; (2) social interaction/support; (3) productivity; and (4) positive distraction. Work identity was associated with higher…

Postponed childbearing increases the likelihood that the responsibility for caring for frail elderly parents will coincide with the period of active mothering. A woman who is 40 at the time she first becomes a mother may easily have parents or other family members over the age of 65, or even over 85 years of age. Noting that 44 percent of women…

The labor force participation of women with young children has increased dramatically in recent years, stimulating research concerning how perceptions of a woman's competence and personality are affected by her employment and family roles. Relatively little is known, however, about perceptions of women with very young children. This study explored…

Sexual harassment under the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission guidelines involves unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, or other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature, as it applies to males or females in business situations. Harassment is discriminatory when females must act differently than males in order to…

A study of women newspaper managers was conducted to learn how clear women are about the professional progress they hope to achieve and to find out what kinds of personal factors might be limiting their efforts. The 59 subjects, participants at management training sessions, were screened for qualifications, future aspirations, and past…

In their roles as writers, editors, and photographers for community newspapers, women helped to record the economic, social, and political fluctuations that comprise the past. In villages and towns, however, the boundaries of and limits on acceptable female activity were as strong as they were in the cities. Women in community newspapers may have…

A study examined the status of women in the creative departments of advertising agencies. In November 1987, questionnaires were sent to the creative directors of the 196 member agencies of the Adcraft Club of Detroit (the largest advertising club in the nation). Sixty-four questionnaires were returned. Answers and comments from the directors…

This paper investigates the paid employment of mid-nineteenth century women, especially female heads of households, in two West Virginia cities. During this period, Wheeling was a large industrial city and major transportation center, while Morgantown was an isolated college town. An examination of census entries and city directories for Wheeling…

While American attitudes appear to be changing in the direction of increased acceptance of women's employment and men's involvement in parenting and homemaking, research on sex role attitudes has focused primarily on middle class Caucasian subjects, thereby neglecting the minority groups that make up American society. Chinese (N=69) and Japanese…