Considerable evidence has been found to support the hypothesis that actors' and observers' attributions diverge. It is also becoming clear that this divergence is not the result of a single process, but is the result of factors which co-occur and differentiate actors from observers. Observers' beliefs about their similarity to actors were…

This paper presents a strategy for the criticism of curricula-in-use, that is, for the criticism of program blueprints and materials as they meet the educational lives of the people for whom they were designed. One aim of the curriculum critic should be to enable the reader to view the curriculum from the perspective of the students. Empathic…

The purpose of this study is to identify dimensions of children's representational awareness as revealed by their verbalizations while drawing in a group situation. Subjects were 76 middle-class children in five preschool classes. Drawing sessions were audiotaped and observed by a non-participating adult who took notes and later transcribed the…

The paper demonstrates the potential of sociodramatic and role-taking activities for promoting socially competent behavior in the retarded. Possible applicability of a variety of interventin techniques to different settings or countries is considered. The domains of role-taking and sociodramatic activities are seen to comprise an important and…

It was hypothesized that women in different current life circumstances would emphasize different life content areas in verbal reports of their life histories. A basically homogeneous sample of 30 women (average age = 58.5) was divided into women who had never had children, women whose children had left home, and women who had at least one child…

The mediational linkage between class inclusion and role-taking skills was investigated by studying the effects of a successive perspective-taking training technique on the consolidation of class inclusion structures. Sixty preoperational Irish boys were given two pretest measures of class inclusion and two of role-taking. They were then grouped…

This training study investigated the relation between class inclusion and role-taking in elementary school children. The objectives were: (1) to establish the asynchrony between class inclusion and role-taking on an Irish sample and a French sample of preoperational children, and (2) to investigate whether this asynchrony is merely a function of…

A group of 45 undergraduates discussed a moral issue with a confederate who had the same opinion (no-controversy) or opposite opinion (controversy). Subjects in the controversy conditions were induced to have a high level of defensiveness by a disconfirmation of personal competence or a low level of defensiveness by a confirmation. Subjects in…

Theorists, researchers, and practitioners need to develop a better awareness of the oppressive nature of dichotomies in literacy research and practice and work to use dichotomies profitably by moving beyond them. Dichotomies can be convenient generalizations which make communication possible, but they run the risk of creating warring camps of…

In the past 2 decades women have begun to make inroads into the male-dominated area of public school administration. Advancement for women was hindered by male-based approaches to teaching and preparation of school administrators. Meanwhile, women in other professions were making progress and forming support networks. One such group, the Northeast…

Children's interpretations of social experiences were compared to adults' interpretations of the same experiences in a study involving 151 children between 6 and 12 years of age and the mothers of a subsample of 43 of the children. Seventy-six participating children were asked to describe some of their social experiences and generate attributions…

A model has been developed for using role play in the supervision and training of hypnotherapy. Specific techniques can be role played by trainee and supervisor which can enable the trainee to develop skill and confidence in the use of hypnotic techniques. Hypnotic induction, listening, observing and providing feedback, relaxation,…

"Breadth of perspective" is a significant concept for definition of public goals, especially in line with the two-way symmetric model of public relations practice. The concept involves four components: (1) awareness that more than one definition, stand, or conclusion is possible and is probably accepted as valid by significant persons or…

Educators and community members talk increasingly of school-community partnerships but have different purposes and arrangements in mind. Educators tend to think of communities in terms of resources for schools, whereas community members tend to see partnerships also as means of influencing their children's education and benefiting the community.…

Empathy, a basis for altruistic motivation, is viewed as a developmental process by Hoffman and others. Current measures of empathy, such as the Davis Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI), have been analyzed by exploratory factor analytic methods which do not allow for the testing of a developmental model of the simplex form. This study was…