This review focuses on women in educational administration as compared with men in the same field. The author recognizes sex discrimination as a historical fact and begins by discussing some of the current psychological effects of cultural conditioning. She then examines the role of the counselor dealing with high school seniors who express an…

The Black woman has been the transmitter of culture in the black community. Two of the important roles of African women were perpetuated during slavery and continue until today. They are her role in economic endeavor and her close bond with her children. The woman in African society was additionally politically significant. The black woman has…

Sociologists have long been interested in the area of status attainment but have begun only recently to specifically focus upon the status attainment of women. New approaches are needed for further research. A review of major occupational choice theories shows that they are constructed for primarily male populations and thus are inadequate in…

This paper examines several recent demographic trends that furnish insights into changing views of women's roles and family arrangements among young people: (1) The rising proportion of women (especially wives with young children) in the labor force, (2) their increasing representation in traditionally "male" occupations, (3) later age at first…

Various aspects of child-rearing are covered in this transcript of a program broadcast in the National Public Radio weekly series, "Options in Education." Authors of current popular books on parenting are interviewed. Benjamin Spock discusses changes (including sex role revisions) in his "Baby and Child Care" since the 1946…

This symposium on the role of human resource development (HRD) in women's career development consists of three presentations. "Career Goals of Non-Managerial Women: An Adaptive Approach" (Linda M. Hite, Kimberly S. McDonald) reports an exploratory study that produced data from which these four themes emerged--adaptive goals, family…

This paper documents changing rates of poverty, sources of income, and employment among rural female-headed families with children, focusing on the effects of welfare reform. Data from the Current Population Survey show that from 1989 through 1999, especially since passage of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act…

The purpose of this research was to relate perceptions of occupational discrimination to the actual occupational opportunity structure in American society. The latter refers to the relative openness of various occupations to individuals possessing certain characteristics that are, in fact, differentially distributed among occupations. Both cohorts…

This study examined differences in family functioning and resources, parenting style, and child outcomes in low-income families in which mothers were and were not employed. The participants were 194 low-income families whose children began kindergarten between 1992 and 1994. Child outcome measures included the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test…

This paper reports the current status of women in science and engineering careers. Statistical data comparing women with men in various subject areas are presented, with graphs at these various levels: (1) precollege; (2) bachelor's degrees; (3) graduate school; (4) master's degrees; (5) doctoral degrees; and (6) labor force. Most of the…

Two arguments on the impact of sex and setting in part-time faculty are offered: (1) that men and women come to part-time teaching by somewhat different routes, but once they arrive in a specific setting and encounter similar work and work conditions, the impact of sex is muted; and (2) that there are two important aspects related to work settings…

Researchers explored farm women's economic contributions to the family farm--an economic contribution traditionally underestimated or ignored--employing use value production as an indicator of labor. Active labor, usually defined as commodity production, was broadened to include value production, or all activity contributing to making a living.…

A study attempted to discover the significance of the early post-graduate career pattern on later career outcomes for women at varying points in their life course. Data were from a national sample of United States graduates of four-year colleges and universities at five points in time from their graduation in spring, 1961 until 7 years later.…

Administrative isolation involves the absence of colleagues to share problems, seek advice, offer and receive feedback, and obtain valid information regarding one's professional effectiveness. This condition of administrative isolation is exacerbated for women in administrative roles who are further isolated by their minority status. This paper…

Many young mothers who are the sole support of young children work at low-level, low-paying jobs primarily to have the satisfaction of providing for the growth of their children. A job that directly provides child care is exactly what many working mothers are looking for. Employers should realize that provision of child care as a fringe benefit is…