Women outnumber men in school-administration graduate programs and in the teaching ranks of American public schools; however, women continue to be underrepresented in the superintendency. This paper presents findings of a study that identified the personal and professional characteristics of Virginia's first women superintendents. Data were…

This paper describes research regarding preschool director's career decisions and provides a framework for understanding the growth and development of director competence through the career cycle. A 4-page survey about career development was completed by 257 directors of part- and full-day, nonprofit and for-profit early childhood education…

A model to evaluate educational administrators' instructional leadership skills and behaviors is described in this paper. A review of literature indicates that methodology for assessing instructional leaders is lacking. An evaluation model is presented, which is based on the following stages: (1) interview; (2) evaluation of instructional…

Adult and continuing education are based on the assumptions that individuals control their lives; lifelong education is an essential component of adults' lives; and the enhancement of adult education resides with adult educators who provide leadership, design policy, translate policy into action, develop learning opportunities for adults, and…

A clinically-based innovative principalship program developed by the University of Alabama is described and selected elements are highlighted to illustrate potential problems in establishing and conducting clinical administrator preparation programs. University-based issues discussed include unclear knowledge base, lack of program structure and…

A study examining the competencies, experiences, and skills desired of administrators and counselors of performing and visual arts schools is described in this paper. Survey questionnaires were mailed to administrators and counselors at 189 schools in the United States. A total of 64 surveys were returned. Findings indicate that administrators…

This study was undertaken to provide a comparison of primary/elementary teachers' perceptions in Australia and the United States of the skills, competencies, and behavioral attributes that principals should possess to administer an effective school. Utilizing the Audit of Principal Effectiveness, 140 primary teachers in Australia and 347…

The myriad of educational reforms directed toward increased quality will drastically change the responsibilities of school principals. To make a consequential contribution to improving the effectiveness of public school education in Kentucky by preparing more effective leaders for administrative positions, a new principal preparation program at…

A sample of 97 directors of public school standardized testing programs received mail surveys for the purpose of identifying the nature and extent of their training in educational measurement and evaluation, the number and types of State certifications held, the nature of their primary job assignment, and their job responsibilities associated with…

Two studies tested the hypothesis that the annual salaries of women in public relations are significantly less than those of men of equal education, professional experience, and length of employment with their current organization. A second hypothesis included organizational role status as a variable. The first study surveyed members of four…

Academic librarians who have faculty status must meet the same criteria for promotion and tenure as other faculty members, including doing research. However, library schools may not be training librarians adequately in the research skills required for entry level academic positions. In order to determine whether library schools in the United…

The American Nurses' Association's "First Position on Nursing" (1965), one instance of attempted reformation in American nursing education, recommends that nursing education should take place in institutions of higher education. Failures of this suggested reform seem to relate directly to the reform's incongruence with the continued or…

Contemporary media and communication technology are expanding educational possibilities and probably will alter fundamentally the structure of educational institutions. As yet, however, only the surface has been scratched in applying media and technology to education. Moreover, early experiments, such as closed circuit television, either are not…

Higher demands on administrators have rendered traditional selection methods less adequate. Many schools have responded by adopting assessment centers to identify administrator qualifications. Previous research and contact with assessment centers through letters, phone calls, and a survey furnished the information for this study. Twenty-five of…

The national survey focused on whether there is a standard set of practices with regard to establishing the psychological and social/emotional fitness of teacher candidates. Another focus of the study was to assess whether there are differences between National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE) and non-NCATE approved…