The role of school counselors has expanded in the 1980s in response to societal changes. The traditional services of individual appraisal, career information, counseling, placement, follow-up, and research are now accompanied by the need for counselors to work with problems such as dropouts and potential dropouts; substance abusers; suicide;…

This document discusses basic knowledge about the reading process, in order to help school psychologists make effective recommendations for educational programming. The paper begins by identifying and describing three models of the reading process, a traditional "bottom-up" model, a more emergent "top-down" view, and an interactive model which…

Although in the past farmers have not been a traditional client group for personal and career counselors, the recent financial plight of farm families has resulted in farmers being identified as a special target group by the Canadian government. Programs, such as the Canadian Rural Transition Program (CRTP), have been established to provide…

Most physicians can expect to counsel a family or individual concerned about possible exposure to acquired immue deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Medical professionals need comprehensive AIDS training and educational programs which cover medical, epidemiologic, psychosocial, and neuropsychiatric aspects of AIDS. Counseling psychologists can provide a…

In reviewing the role of the school psychologist, this paper points out the disparity between actual and proposed roles, and suggests that student paraprofessionals could be trained to narrow the gap. Several examples of the student as helper concept are reviewed, and advantages are discussed. A rationale for incorporating the student…

Definitions of stress all imply that stress is a condition resulting from some change or imbalance that requires individual adjustment. When this does not occur, stress becomes an adverse condition which may eventually cause serious harm. Numerous studies have established the connection between unrelieved stress and adverse body reactions such as…

The implications of a developing theory about human posibilities for the conduct of individual life and the future of society rest on the basic fact that, because only a fraction of the possibilities the future holds can be actualized by an individual or by society, choice is a universal imperative. One important reason that better choices are not…

Assuming that counseling is an interlocking system of mutual influence and that the effect of various counselor/client responses on the behavior of the other is probabilistic, then it becomes important to understand what categories of factors contribute to the probabilistic tendencies of counselor and client to respond in different ways. One…

Today, while secular society has opened up a new range of roles and psychological expectations to women, the status and life of Orthodox Jewish women remain circumscribed by Jewish religious law. Orthodox women face inequality in four areas: in the synagogue and participation in prayer; in religious education; in legal areas such as status in…

This paper discussed an alternative school in which the roles of teachers have been redefined to include counseling functions. The counselor is a staff developer for the teachers, a community resource person, and an advocate for students in police court procedures. The psychologist is a staff developer for special techniques, a definer of…

Much has been written about how counselors can become more multiculturally competent in their research, practice, and academic training. To date, great changes have taken place in the integration of multicultural issues into coursework, publications, and research. The next step for counselors is to include that of social activist along side of the…

Professional ethics are designed to set minimum standards of practice and service for school psychologists. Ways in which professional ethics standards of school psychology can be used to build and strengthen work relationships with parents, legal guardians, and other family members are described here. Suggestions for how school psychologists can…

Within the last decade, the role of the school psychologist has been changing as a result of the impact of disasters and increasing violence in schools and communities. This workshop was designed to help school psychologists prepare for and intervene in disasters in their school communities. The goals were: (1) to encourage school psychologists to…

This paper discusses a workshop designed for career development professionals and paraprofessionals working in an educational environment. Participants in the workshop learn about educationally transforming ideas adaptable to a variety of teaching styles; new ways to use traditional classroom resources; and ways in which to acquire new skills for…

Specific ethical problems caused by the multiple roles of the psychologist in cases involving child protection are discussed. Psychologists may serve as consultants, evaluators, therapists, reporters, or monitors for the client and/or the court. When more than one person in the family is involved, or the court orders an additional role for the…