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Butkowsky, Irwin S. – 1980
The relationships of children's perceptions of the causes of academic success or failure to achievement behavior and to reading ability were examined using two measures: Crandall's Intellectual Achievement Responsibility Scale (IAR), and a measure of students' causal attributions relating to performance of a single, specific task. Subjects were…
Descriptors: Academic Ability, Attribution Theory, Grade 5, Helplessness