The Perception of Parental Reciprocity Scale (POPRS) was originally developed with a late adolescent population to assess the extent of perceived reciprocity in adolescent-parent relations. This study examined the reliability and validity of using POPRS with younger adolescents. Subjects, 655 males and 636 females ranging in age from 13 to 18,…

This study sought to determine whether or not teacher training had a predictable impact upon the affective attributes of prospective teachers. Measures of anxiety, attitude, concerns, and confidence about teaching were administered to a sample of 153 prospective teachers before and after their student teaching experience. It was found that as…

The constructs of self-reinforcement and social skill have received increasing attention from researchers concerned with the etiology and maintenance of depression. These two variables, however, have not been empirically related. The relationship between depression, self-reinforcement, and social skill was examined with an interpersonal task.…

Efforts to identify the relative potencies of the domains which determine adolescent life satisfaction suggest a condition that differentially potentiates a domain's ability to account for life satisfaction, i.e., father absence. High School students (N=778) completed the Life Satisfaction Chart and indicated their satisfaction with family,…

This paper reviews literature documenting gender differences in beliefs related to mathematics achievement. The areas included in the discussion are: (1) gender differences in mathematics achievement and self-referenced cognitions, (2) the effect of confidence and anxiety on mathematics performance and expenditure of effort, and (3) confidence and…

Study skills research has progressed within the past ten years from primary concern with overt and observable study behaviors to an examination of cognitive and motivational processes underlying student learning and achievement outcomes. However, there is still need for a more comprehensive approach which integrates the behavioral, cognitive and…

In an effort to provide a better understanding of the possible impact of teacher training upon aspiring teachers, this study was designed to ascertain whether prospective teachers' longitudinal changes in attitude, anxiety, and confidence about teaching were related to, or possibly influenced by, their locus-of-control orientation, personality…

Registered nurses, interns, and residents from five hospitals in Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey were administered the Maslach Human Services Survey, Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale, Rotter's Locus of Control Scale, Newman's Alpha Omega Scale, and a demographic questionnaire. Results strongly suggested that an individual with high self-esteem and…

The feelings and perceptions of adolescents, apart from objective indices, warrent attention from those who are concerned with adolescent development and psychological stress. There is a need for a reliable baseline measure of adolescent subjective well-being, as manifested by self-reports of life satisfaction, to which future measurements can be…

Academic self-concept has been viewed by numerous investigators as an important facet of general self-concept. The Academic Self-Concept Scale (ASCS) was developed as a measure of academic self-concept in college students. The initial item pool consisted of 59 items worded to conform to a four-pont Likert-type response format. On the basis of…

Depressed individuals seem to believe that they are qualitatively inferior; they tend to misinterpret and exaggerate losses and overgeneralize the meaning of self-relevant information. The way in which information about the self is processed by depressed individuals, in particular, the differences in self-schema content (the constellation of…

Shyness is a prevalent problem among grade school children, and several instruments for measuring shyness are being developed. Some of these assessment instruments include the Shyness Line, the Shyness Problem Line, and the Shyness Self Report, questionnaires focusing on children's feelings, thoughts and behaviors related to shyness. These…

Several environmental constructs which influence identity are measured by the Erwin Identity Scale (EIS) and delineated. The EIS is an objectively scored instrument designed to measure the student development concept of identity based on the conceptualizations of Chickering and Erikson. Three sub-scales (confidence, sexual identity, and…

Self-esteem has been defined as the "totality of the individual's thoughts and feelings having reference to himself as an object." Self-concept has been defined as the descriptive and evaluative beliefs that a person holds about multidimensional characteristics of the self. As children progress through primary school, general…

This document reviews the research related to students' and teachers' anxiety related to science and the teaching of science in order to better understand the relationships between the variables that can predict this phenomenon. The research reports reviewed used either the Science State Trait Anxiety Inventory or the Science Teaching State Trait…