Two recreational activities, deer hunting and goose hunting, both similar in form, are compared. It was hypothesized that the activity for which participants rated the process, the goal, and the social interaction as most important to the experience and for which participants showed the strongest family ties and social support for participation…

Considerable research has examined the correlates of job involvement and its conceptual independence from the notions of satisfaction and motivation, with an indication of considerable overlap beween the three concepts as well as the possibility that job involvement may be more aligned with motivation than with satisfaction. A job attitude survey…

There is an increasing appreciation of the significance of motivation in human behavior. "Achievement motivation" stands out as a useful construct for study in the area of motivational research along with the closely related concept of "fear of failure." Many view these two constructs as two sides of the same coin, but research has shown that…

Social advertisers--those responsible for public and nonprofit advertising and marketing--must employ many of the major psychological motivations used by commercial advertisers to stimulate desire and action on the part of target audiences. For example, commercial advertisers create psychological stimuli to facilitate motivation of the fulfillment…

This study examines motivational, personalistic, and experiential variables considered to be important in explaining the promotional aspirations of educators. It assesses the extent to which aspirations are affected by such factors as motivation (or need fulfillment deficiency), personal attributes (sex or race), and experience (professional role…

A comprehensive examination of the psychological and biological factors involved in exercise addiction is presented in an attempt to explain the varying position of individuals on the continuum of ability to commence and continue a regimen of physical activity. Physiological considerations in exercise tolerance and the feelings derived from…

In order to understand what motivates children to participate in or avoid engaging in physical activities, it is necessary to understand something about motivation. There are two sources of motivation. Intrinsic motivation comes from drives, psychological and physiological processes, and needs such as the desire for achievement and…

The importance of human needs during the retrospective peacetime in 1990 and the Persian Gulf War in 1991 was examined among 564 college students in the United States. Results of factor analyses showed that during peacetime, two factors (higher-order and lower-order needs) were identified. During the war, all needs were rated as more important and…

It has been suggested that egotistical attributions for success and failure are mediated by the affective reactions resulting from achievement outcomes. To establish the motivational impact of failure-related affect on subsequent ego-defensive attributions, an excitation transfer paradigm was used to manipulate the negative feelings elicited by…

This study applied need theories to understand leadership motivation in college and university presidencies. Eight presidents from colleges and universities in a midwestern and a southeastern state were interviewed. The participants had been in their present position for at least three years. Included were two leaders from research universities,…

Most studies investigating the decision to seek mental health care have focused on socio-demographic differences in health utilization behavior rather than psychological variables. To evaluate three psychological explanations of help-seeking behavior, i.e., the health belief model, the socio-cultural perspective, and an ego psychological approach,…

The theoretical framework of Abraham Maslow espouses a holistic view of the human being in which individuals have universal tendencies to strive to satisfy physiological, sociological, and psychological needs as these need states become more or less predominant in their lives. The potency of need fulfillment, the extent of gratification of…

Student teaching is examined in relation to Maslow's theory of human motivation that proposes an inherent human tendency toward self-actualization. It is pointed out that the majority of student teachers operate in fear as they enter their final phase of teacher training, and according to Maslow, they are operating at the safety level, concerned…

Theodore Roosevelt's education is used as a case-study to illustrate how educators' informal messages influence students to stay in their social class. These messages can be transmitted either consciously or unconsciously, through tone of voice, body movement, facial expression, and unspoken expectations or assumptions. As the first social…

The literature emphasizes that achievement motivation depends on a generalized desire to accomplish a given task; it does not deal with the issue of whether or not a culture values the appropriate behavior. This study investigated possible cultural and sex differences in achievement motivation from a bicultural perspective. This research: (1)…