The linear relationship between intellectual commitment to running and psychobiological dependence upon running is examined. A sample of 540 regular runners (running frequency greater than three days per week for the past year for the majority) was surveyed with a questionnaire. Measures of commitment and dependence on running, as well as…

Learned opinion supports the relevance of satisfaction with job facets in studies of job satisfaction, but an analysis of the perceived importance of these facets concerning overall job satisfaction in education has largely been ignored. The relationships among Alberta (Canada) elementary and junior high school principals' job facet perceptions…

A model of need gratification inspired by the work of K.E. Rosengren suggests a theoretical framework making it possible to identify, measure, and assess the components of the need gratification process with respect to the mass media. Methods having cognitive and behavioral components are designed by individuals to achieve need gratification. Deep…

Two recreational activities, deer hunting and goose hunting, both similar in form, are compared. It was hypothesized that the activity for which participants rated the process, the goal, and the social interaction as most important to the experience and for which participants showed the strongest family ties and social support for participation…

A study tested the uses and gratifications theoretical perspective--that motivations affect media use which in turn influences the effects of that use. The American Student Dental Association targeted its publications to different subaudiences and provided a grant to the University of Texas at Austin to study (1) whether the differentiation…

Using data collected at a Western State's press association convention, a study compared predicted motivation profiles for several newspaper management jobs to the actual profiles of men and women holding those jobs. In addition, the levels of job commitment and satisfaction were examined to learn how happy and dedicated the managers were.…

Programs to help individuals stop smoking have shown disappointing results since many quitters resume smoking within six months. A closer study of motives, personal styles and subjective cognitive schema that maintain smoking behavior might provide useful clues to helping individuals stop smoking permanently. Male patients in a VA Medical Center…

Attribution theorists have argued that if an intrinsically motivated activity is extrinsically reinforced, the activity will be devalued and extinguished when the reward is removed. Hypothesizing that activities performed for their instrumental outcome are valued less than activities not so externally oriented, and that activities performed for…

Data from 464 adults were analyzed to provide a more heuristic paradigm for mass communication uses and gratifications research in a study of the interactive nature of television viewing motivations, viewing behavior, and attitude gratifications. Factor analysis located five principal television viewing motivations: passing time, information,…

The importance of human needs during the retrospective peacetime in 1990 and the Persian Gulf War in 1991 was examined among 564 college students in the United States. Results of factor analyses showed that during peacetime, two factors (higher-order and lower-order needs) were identified. During the war, all needs were rated as more important and…

The majority of studies of adolescent parenthood have focused on the relationship between fertility behavior and various social, economic and demographic factors rather than the role of psychological processes in wanting a child. To study the role that motivational factors play in the experiences and processes associated with adolescent…

Consistency theory holds that persons are motivated to behave in ways that maintain a "steady state" cognitively and otherwise; need-fulfillment theory argues that people will act in ways that reinforce their sense of worth and enhance their self-esteem. While consistency theory predicts that low self-esteem persons will exhibit more eye…

The theoretical framework of Abraham Maslow espouses a holistic view of the human being in which individuals have universal tendencies to strive to satisfy physiological, sociological, and psychological needs as these need states become more or less predominant in their lives. The potency of need fulfillment, the extent of gratification of…

The rapid growth of multinational corporations has necessitated theoretical and practical concerns for operating and managing organizations in varying cultural environments. The Navy Public Works Centers (PWCs) provide engineering, maintenance, rehabilitation construction, transportation and housing to U.S. Navy customers around the world.…

Student teaching is examined in relation to Maslow's theory of human motivation that proposes an inherent human tendency toward self-actualization. It is pointed out that the majority of student teachers operate in fear as they enter their final phase of teacher training, and according to Maslow, they are operating at the safety level, concerned…