The Integrated Developmental Model (IDM) of supervision builds upon previous models of counselor and psychotherapist development. The IDM incorporates aspects of both a mechanistic view, using the machine as metaphor, and an organismic view, using the organism as metaphor, of development in describing trainee development through three levels and…

Effective psychotherapy supervision calls for a variety of supervisory roles and addresses a range of student needs. The particular student need should be the determining factor in selecting an appropriate supervisory role. The supervisor needs a range of role alternatives, a framework in which to fit student needs, a specified area of focus…

This paper explores the value of collaborative research models in counselor training research. The focus is on a model that encourages interinstitutional collaborative research efforts, in which colleagues are brought together without a detailed purpose to generate and share research ideas. Several fundamental components of an effective…

This paper presents a model of counselor supervision which recognizes four specific stages of counselor development. The materials focus on the need for a developmental model, the interplay between this model and levels of training and professional practice, and the implications for curriculum planning and supervisory interventions. Studies…

This paper, directed to beginning counselors who have not experienced counseling supervision, discusses the general purpose of supervision and the relationship between the supervisor and trainee. Five supervision models are described: (1) direct teaching; (2) therapeutic; (3) interpersonal process recall; (4) self-supervision; and (5)…

This paper focuses on burnout in the helping professions and outlines steps that can be taken during counselor training to eliminate or reduce burnout. A discussion of the way in which the internal system of the counselor trainee can provoke burnout concentrates on issues of needs, expectations, and professional philosophy. Three burnout…

This paper presents a new spiral-ecological approach to counselor supervision, founded on the basis of a collaborative and facilitative relationship aimed at the promotion of skills acquisition, cognitive development, and personal growth. A brief review of the literature summarizes trainee, site, and supervisor factors that influence training…