Parenthood is a unique turning point in women's careers. Mothers, but not fathers, experience large and persistent child penalties to earnings after the birth of their first child. Child penalties mainly result from three differences between mothers and fathers in response to childbearing: hours worked, labor market exit rates, and wages (Kleven,…

This paper examines the effects of expansions in higher educational institutions and the medical service industry on the economic development of a metropolitan area. This examination pulls together previous research and provides some new empirical evidence. We provide quantitative evidence of the magnitude of economic effects of higher education…

A study examined two models--increased opportunity and affirmative action--as proposed solutions to sex inequities in wage and occupational distribution. The Increased Opportunity Model assumes that increased economic opportunities will disproportionately benefit women and minorities because of their relative position in the labor force. The…

As almost everyone knows, the earnings gap between men and women is very large. In 1972, the average woman earned only 58 percent as much as the average man when both worked full time. The author directs her discussion toward the large volume of research on the topic of the earnings gap and points to areas where further work might be done. She…

This paper discusses discrepancies between the observable labor market and the idealized world which is assumed in theory. The proposed solutions are focused on the development of an empirical model applicable to data on prime-age males from the Michigan Panel Study of Income Dynamics, but the author notes that many of these issues are relevant…

An array of innovative policies has been suggested to address more effectively the needs of dislocated workers. A model has been proposed to simulate the impacts of a wage-rate subsidy (or salary supplement) program in which a dislocated worker who becomes reemployed would receive a payment equal to one-half the difference between the wage…

A study examined the length and characteristics of women's lifetime work experience. The principal data source for the survey was a set of detailed work, educational, marital, and fertility histories that were collected in the fall of 1979 from 314 couples in the Detroit metropolitan area. While prior researchers had relied upon measures of the…

Only by recognizing that class is not gender neutral can the processes of class formation and reproduction be understood. Class is defined as a process in which human beings take an active part, rather than a structure of categories into which individuals may be inserted. Gender organizes or structures class in many different ways. For example,…

This study attempts to test (via multiple regression analysis) hypothesized relationships between designated independent variables and age specific incidences of labor force participation for black male subpopulations in 54 Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas. Leading independent variables tested include net migration, earnings, unemployment,…

A study was conducted to examine the impact of the vocational education related portions of the Comprehensive Employment Training Act (CETA) on occupational segregation by sex. Some of the specific questions considered follow: Is there sex segregation in vocational education programs? Do enrollment patterns show that females are concentrated in…

With a national goal announced as "ending welfare as we know it," it is necessary to discuss questions regarding targeting, sanctions and incentives, service delivery, and success criteria for adult literacy programs that attempt to train low-literate adults for jobs. At present, there are about 14-15 million recipients of Aid to Families with…

While it is not clear how much responsibility vocational education bears for the inequities in employment and earning patterns in Georgia, it is clear that men and women do not make vocational choices unencumbered by sex influences. Federal legislation provides mandates to reduce sex stereotyping and discrimination in vocational education. Sex…

Using data from the older men's file of the National Longitudinal Surveys, two issues related to the labor market implications of dual economy theory were examined: variations in rates of pay among economic sectors (competitive, monopoly, and public) and variation in relative opportunities for blacks across sectors. The primary analytical problem…

Although the role of women in the American economy has come a long way in the years since 1950, women have made relatively little progress in quite a number of areas. In the years during and after World War II, women's employment has increased significantly, with married women being the ones who have entered the work force most rapidly. Despite…

This report focuses on economic, social, and legal development affecting women's employment in the United States during the first half of the United Nations Decade for Women. The first section reports on the economic roles of women in the U.S. as their participation in the labor force reached historically high levels during the last half of the…