A hypothetical organization chart was adopted to examine the relative worth of five positions and pay differentials as a function of rater's sex, money ethic endorsement (belief that money is good), and job incumbent's sex. The study explored the "Matthew Effect," the tendency of people to be willing to pay more for the highest position…

A study examined the status of women in the creative departments of advertising agencies. In November 1987, questionnaires were sent to the creative directors of the 196 member agencies of the Adcraft Club of Detroit (the largest advertising club in the nation). Sixty-four questionnaires were returned. Answers and comments from the directors…

Employers view career breaks negatively, but particularly when women leave the work force to raise a family. Discusses how women returning to work assess their skills, knowledge, and attributes and present them to prospective employers; how employers assess the skills of job applicants; and how problems in these areas can be reduced. (PEN)

Focusing on perceived sex differences in organizational settings, a study examined mutual evaluations of communicative competence in superior-subordinate relationships. Subjects, 86 superior-subordinate pairs from 23 organizations, completed the Communication Competency Assessment Instrument measuring competencies in communication codes, oral…

In this study, the percentage of certificates issued and jobs held by women in Pennsylvania from 1970 through 1984 for the positions of superintendent, assistant superintendent, secondary principal, and elementary principal were compared. Findings reveal that the percentage of women being certified each year is increasing in much greater…

A study was conducted to amplify previous research efforts concerned with the identification of similarities and differences between Brazilian men's and women's managerial communication behaviors. Previous findings have indicated that, in contrast with American managers, Brazilian men and women managers were more likely to use power to resolve…

Since 1928 when women represented 55% of all elementary school principals, the number of women in educational administration has been declining. In addition to historical trends which brought more men into the education profession, two factors hinder the promotion of women to administrative positions. The first factor is perceived barriers…

It appears that there is nothing inherently associated with femaleness which should preclude the ascendence of women into management positions. However, barriers do exist and they stem from such factors as societal sex-role stereotypes, attitudes toward women in management, attitudes toward female competence, and the prevalence of the male…

In a study designed to document empirically perceptions about women managers' communication skills and training needs, 101 managers (53 females and 48 males) responded to two open-ended questions: (1) From your observation and experience, what specific communication skills do women possess that might help promote their managerial effectiveness?…

Women's participation in the workforce is increasing, spurred by inflation, the rising level of consumer aspirations, the increasing number of families headed by women as a consequence of divorce, and the declining birth rate. However, the work women do continues to be segregated from men's and comparatively poorly paid, while women still carry…

The ultimate aim of the Workshop on Women in Science and Technology was to stimulate parents and daughters to explore technical and scientific careers. Approximately 100 men and women from diverse organizations (industry, governmental agencies, non-profit institutions, Federal and State agencies, public schools, special vocational schools,…

As part of a larger research project at the University of Kentucky, a study was conducted to discover why there are so few women administrators in the upper levels of vocational education administration. The objective of the study was to examine employer perceptions of the qualifications of male and female applicants for administrative positions…

One of the primary concerns of many of the opponents of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) Amendments of 1978 was the possible adverse effects of the legislation on other labor force subgroups. Although groups such as the NAACP, the Urban League, and the National Organization for Women did not testify directly in opposition to the…

National samples of members of minority groups and women employed as newspersons at radio and television stations were surveyed by mail in 1973-74, as were their supervising news directors. Women's salaries were somewhat lower than those of minorities, with minority newswomen being paid less than minority newsmen. Few of either group expresed…

Both men and women who engage in non-traditional occupations (occupations in which 80 percent or more of the participants are of the opposite sex) are generally happy with their occupational choice, according to interviews with seventy such women and ten men. The women, however, experienced more discrimination and sexual harassment, while the men…