Tutoring systems provide students with various types of on-demand and context-sensitive hints. Students are required to consciously adapt their help-seeking behavior, proactively seek help in some situations, and solve problems independently without supports in other situations. We define the latter behavior as stoic behavior in hint seeking. In…

In order to study young children's awareness of interword space as a cueing convention and determine their ability to deal with language on an abstract level, 23 black kindergarten children who had been exposed to formal reading instruction were tested. In the first test children were asked to study cards on which a single word or groups of words…