The relationships among self-reported social desirability, biological sex, and sex-role orientation are examined. The Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) consists of 60 personality characteristics divided equally into three subscales labeled Femininity (F), Masculinity (M), and Social Desirability (SD). One hundred and twenty-six undergraduates were…

This bibliography on men, masculinity, sex roles, and androgyny summarizes much of the literature in the social sciences on these issues. The 221 sources are separated into several categories including: (1) men and masculinity; (2) counseling men; (3) self-help resources for men and interventions used in men's groups; (4) popular books on men and…

An investigation was made of the relationship between sex-role orientation (as measured by the Bem Sex Role Inventory) and responsiveness in infant care (as determined by observations on the Nursing Child Assessment Feeding Scale). Subjects participating in the study consisted of 44 father/infant dyads. It was hypothesized that androgynous fathers…

Despite recent research showing men capable of nurturing behavior, most men remain reluctant to care for children. Some researchers have suggested that men are fearful of nurturing as a result of traditional sex role socialization while others have suggested an increased role of external factors in explaining the lack of men in child care (pay,…

Given research findings that women have a strong tendency to describe the ideal man as androgynous, perhaps social interaction with an androgynous male could be seen as a social reward, whereas interaction with a masculine male may be less rewarding or aversive for women. A study was conducted to determine the functional properties of androgyny as…

Theorists have proposed very different patterns of adult age changes in masculine and feminine personality attributes; while some have predicted an increase in cross-sex typed individuals among older adults, others have predicted an increase in androgynous individuals. A study was conducted to further investigate adult age differences in levels of…

A review of the literature concerning the relationship between sex role and self measure identity includes a discussion of issues confronted in measurement. The methodology and analyses of data for the study are explained. The research was designed to determine which self referent measure most effectively discriminates among sex role identities.…

Research on the relationship between sex-role orientation and psychological well-being has been guided by one of three models. The congruence model holds that psychological well-being will be fostered only when one's sex-role orientation is congruent with one's gender; the androgyny model proposes that well-being will be maximized when one's…

There still remains in our social institutions and individual lives a considerable splitting between feminine and masculine gender distinctions. The present study determined the dimensionality of the space of 53 admirable personality traits hypothesized to relate to femininity-masculinity and creativity, and assessed preferences of females versus…

Most research examining the relationship between sex role orientation and psychological well-being has been guided by either the congruence, androgyny, or masculinity model. The congruence model predicts that low self-esteem and high depression are consequences of gender/sex role incongruence. The androgyny model predicts that high self-esteem and…

Androgyny research has been hampered by a dependency upon traditional masculine and feminine sex roles for definition. Bakan's (1966) concept of agency and communion, which parallels masculinity and femininity, refers to behavioral competencies, involving a style or manner of interacting with the environment devoid of gender designations and…

Research has revealed linkages among sex, sex-role self-concept, self-esteem, and attributional style, suggesting that sex-role self-concept may mediate the relationship between biological sex and attributional style. Female undergraduates (N=140) completed several questionnaires, including the Bem Sex Role Inventory to determine sex-role…

Research on hemispheric specialization indicates that the two hemispheres of the brain are specialized to perform different functions. A visual style of thinking is associated with the right hemisphere, while a verbal style is associated with the left hemisphere. The possibility of a relationship between psychological androgyny and sex role…

The objective of this study is to measure achievement motivation in terms of psychological masculinity and femininity rather than in terms of biological gender. The terms, psychological masculinity and femininity, refer to sets of characteristics desirable for both sexes. Masculine characteristics include independence, self-confidence,…

Recent evidence indicates that masculine and feminine personality attributes have only minimal associations with many kinds of sex role preferences, behaviors and attitudes, and that both masculine and feminine traits are positively associated with valued characteristics. This study investigated the measurement of some socially undesirable…