This paper examines the emergence of black progressive organizations and their relationship to public black colleges. Amid violent disfranchisement in the early 1900s, black education activists collaborated with other educators to host conferences, develop programs, and mobilize delegations on broader issues of concern to black Americans,…

This paper focuses on how shifting conceptions of youth underpinned young people's activism in the 1950s and 1960s. This paper specifically examines conceptions of youth as it changed throughout the twentieth century. G. Stanley Hall articulated a distinct notion of "adolescence" in the early twentieth century. But the "Scottsboro…

Students from Nashville, Tennessee's four black higher educational institutions organized and carried out sit-ins at lunch counters of downtown department stores beginning February 1, 1960. They wanted the lunch counters opened to customers of all races. The students used press coverage to convey the nonviolent character of their movement. Because…