Many discussions have taken place around the issue of the special needs of learners, special schools and inclusivity. UNESCO argues that inclusive education will accommodate all children, regardless of their physical, intellectual, social, emotional, linguistic or other conditions. This would include disabled and gifted children, street and…

In this paper, I made a historical and philosophical reflection on the social scientific categorization of "rural children" (nongcun ertong) in contemporary Chinese discourses of educational equality. The empowerment discourse about them as an educationally marginalized group based on scientific inquiry into their problems reflects a new…

The Gender and Sexuality in Mathematics Education Working Group convened in 2018 with a focus on (1) language use, multidimensional understandings of gender and sexuality, and influences of these on methods, results, and interpretations; (2) interactions between gender/sexuality and students' self-perceptions; and (3) the roles of curriculum,…

Between now and the end of this century, the People's Republic of China will attempt to become an international economic superpower by attempting to quadruple industrial and agricultural production. The Chinese educational system is the primary institutional partner with the government in this venture. After a decade of confusion and decline in…

Universalizing primary education for girls and children in disadvantaged areas remains the most challenging task for developing countries in Asia and the Pacific. This evaluation report reviews the processes and outcomes of the Pilot Project on Promotion of Primary Education for Girls and Children in Disadvantaged Areas in Gansu Province, China, a…

The People's Republic of China has seen a dramatic growth in its economy in recent years. It has a rapidly increasing population of approximately 1.2 billion people, though the population is still largely rural with about 80% of people living outside urban areas. China in its Education Law (1995) restated its commitment to universal education. In…

Mao Tse-Tung's view of education and society is based on the belief that the great masses of people are collectively rational. If the masses do not see what society as a whole objectively requires, however, the leaders must be patient and resort to education and explanation, or the requirements must be altered to meet the objections. By the mid…

This study reports on innovative alternative approaches to children's education in 12 developing countries. These approaches are examined with reference to their flexibility regarding time and place of learning, age of pupils, relationship with formal education systems, relevance and functionality for the actual situation of learners, and ability…

Changes in the Chinese educational system since the cultural revolution of the 1960s must be analyzed in terms of the contradictory ideals of economic growth and class equality. These two socialist goals are contradictory because to obtain high economic production and growth, certain members of society must be selected and trained for leadership.…