This study investigated direct and indirect pathways from listening comprehension (LC) to reading comprehension (RC) via fluent word reading (FWR) in grades 1-3, and path equivalence across these grades. LC's total effects predicting RC range from 0.45 to 0.59 in grades 1-3, a stronger relationship than found in previous studies. Overall, LC's…

Participation in adult education and training (AET) programs is increasingly important for people of all ages and is necessary to remain competitive in a world experiencing rapid technological advances. Lifelong learning activities are especially important for middle-aged and older adults who intend to work at older ages to ensure they have the…

The aim of this study was to verify if external factors influence persistence in online courses in higher education. These external factors, borrowed from Kember's (1995) model, included some students' characteristics; cost benefits; social integration of adult students (enrolment encouragement, study encouragement, and family support); and…

While today's schools in several countries, like Canada, are about to bring back programming to their curricula, a new conceptual angle, namely one of computational thinking, draws attention of researchers. In order to understand the articulation between computational thinking tasks in one side, student's targeted skills, and the types of problems…

The quality of representations of nine spatial arrays varying in transparency and occlusion was observed in order to test the generalization that younger children are concerned about the ambiguity of their representations and to observe the influence of a change in the medium used to create the representations. Children 5, 7, and 9 years old…

Subjects from three generations of Chinese-Canadian families completed questionnaires to assess their concept of family. A total of 12 males and 12 females from the three age groups participated. Age groups were composed of 9- through 13-year-olds, 30- through 50-year-olds, and 65-year-olds and older. Tasks included listing family members, drawing…

To investigate the development of children's knowledge of the intension and extension of four natural concepts (cup, scissors, money, and musical instrument), three questions were explored in an experiment involving one-hundred-and-twenty 3-, 5-, and 7-year-old children (40 children for each age group). Extension was measured in a verbal labeling…

A series of studies focused on (1) the evolution of the notion of identity of objects among infants up to 15 months of age and (2) the changing rules by which this development may be understood. Six identity tasks were presented to 60 infants divided into five age groups: 5, 7, 9, 12, and 15 months. Two objects were used in all tasks. In the first…

Toddlers (2 to 3 years) and preschool children (5 to 6 years) were repeatedly presented with a six-tone melody, then tested for their discrimination of a variety of pattern features, including the specific component frequencies, successive intervals, and general melodic contour. To manipulate the information-processing demands of the task, the…

Reactions of foster children to separation from their families of origin were identified from case materials of 36 Canadian protective service workers. A broad range of reactions was apparent. Discussion focuses on anxiety, regression, physiological symptoms, denial of feelings, persistent attachment to rejecting or unreliable parents, rebellious…

A total of 80 children 4 to 7 years of age participated in a study attempting to establish (1) the frequency of classification performance by age and in relation to available classification criteria, and (2) the degree of preference for different classification criteria by age, particularly differences between figurative and operative criteria.…

While public opinion associates old age with loneliness, some social scientists argue that emotional responses such as loneliness decline in the later years of life. The purpose of this study was to empirically examine life cycle fluctuations in loneliness. To do so, a meta-analysis of 14 data sets involving over 25,000 respondents was performed.…

Noting that children's appeals to parents can provide information about children's understanding of the family justice system and the dynamics of third party intervention, this study examined the tattling behavior observed in 2- and 4-year-old siblings of 40 Canadian families from diverse occupational and educational backgrounds. Observations of…

A total of 36 normally developing children of 13-30 months of age were evenly divided into three age groups and observed while playing with their mothers. Their communicative behaviors were recorded according to intent and level. Intent was classified as comment, request, and reject; levels were nonverbal, verbal-contextual, and…

Eighty subjects, at each of four age levels (kindergarten, grade 2, grade 4, and university) were questioned concerning their ideas about the structure of the family. Information was gathered on which persons the subjects considered to be members of their own families, how subjects conceptualized a typical family and what criteria they used in…