The purpose of this study was to develop and validate the Concerns about Counseling Racial Minority Clients (CCRMC) scale among counselor trainees. Sample 1 was used for an exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. Four factors were identified, Managing Cultural Differences ([alpha] = 0.82), Offending or Hurting Clients…

This paper presents a perspective on advocacy and Advocate Counseling and its relationship to institutional racism. The Advocate Counseling Model is described as a vehicle for teaching citizens to act in an assertive and affirmative manner when confronted with public and private institutional problems, including institutional racism. Legal…

This volume contains the papers presented at a conference whose purpose was to bring together counselors to discuss the issues around changing roles of counselors, attitudes of counselors, updating counseling strategies and techniques, and legal considerations. It also addresses the problems of counseling students who have suffered from racism…

A study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of nontraditional and traditional counseling and instructional methods in meeting the socio-emotional and academic needs of nontraditional ("high risk") community college students. Individualized learner-oriented mastery instruction with emphasis on audiotutorial methods and a composite of…