The strength of English learners' second language reading is closely associated with academic success. Using qualitative research methods and verbal protocols, this study examines four elementary-level English learners' uses of reading strategies and describes how each English learner employs these strategies while reading both culturally relevant…

This study attempts to understand the American and Japanese cultural and ethnic differences in student's mathematics scores from the perspective of differential cognitive organization of number resulting from differences in primary-language characteristics. The relation between cognitive representation of number and mathematics achievement are…