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Matthew A. Kraft; Sarah Novicoff – American Educational Research Journal, 2024
We examine the fundamental and complex role that time plays in the learning process. We begin by developing a conceptual framework to elucidate the multiple obstacles schools face in converting total time in school into active learning time. We then synthesize the causal research and document a clear positive effect of additional time on student…
Descriptors: Elementary Schools, Middle Schools, High Schools, Time Factors (Learning)
Matthew A. Kraft; Sarah Novicoff – Annenberg Institute for School Reform at Brown University, 2023
In this paper, we examine the fundamental and complex role that time plays in the learning process. We begin by developing a conceptual framework to elucidate the multiple obstacles schools face in converting allocated time into learning time. We then synthesize the causal research and document a clear positive effect of time on student…
Descriptors: Learning Processes, Time Factors (Learning), Academic Achievement, Outcomes of Education