Defines behavioral medicine as multidisciplinary field that combines research methods from behavioral and biomedical sciences. Examines the role of behavior theory in behavioral medicine. Uses new advances in basic research on learning to illustrate that findings from behavioral science have implications for the field of contemporary behavioral…

Explains factor analysis, discussing its relation to other multivariate techniques and describing characteristics of the data to consider in determining the appropriateness of factor analysis. Reviews considerations in making decisions about communality estimates, factor extraction, the number of factors to rotate, methods of factor rotation,…

Describes the use of multidimensional scaling (MDS), emphasizing applications in counseling and vocational psychology. Includes an example of one standard nonmetric scaling method. Addresses conceptual and practical considerations associated with the use of MDS. (Author/KS)

There is evidence that the conscious mind selects from among possible acts developed by the unconscious. Even lifting a finger may be subject to this shared mental management. Studies examining this point of view are summarized. (JN)

The development of the microcomputer offers advantages for behavioral science and educational research. Among the potentials of microcomputer use are enhanced capacities for precise replication and extension, measurement, and experimental control and randomization, and the relative economy that microcomputer-administered experimental treatments…

Addresses intensive study of individual subject, emphasizing development of appropriate designs and analytical procedures for single-subject research. Treatment times should be randomly assigned to treatments, creating randomization. The assumption of random sampling is not met in single-subject experiments, however, data from a randomized…

Addresses the problem of cruelty to animals from a research perspective. Studies of possible causes of childhood cruelty to animals are reviewed and common contributing environmental factors are identified. Implications for educators are discussed and directives for detection and prevention of cruelty are suggested. (ML)

Behavioral scientists are using established experimental methods to show that fetuses can and do learn. The methodology employed and results obtained from several studies are reported. (JN)

Presents and illustrates structural equation modeling (multivariate analysis with latent variables, also called causal modeling or covariance structure analysis), discussing issues and problems related to the use of this methodology, possible applications of structural equation modeling to counseling psychology research, and resources for further…

Describes the method of discriminant analysis, including the concept of discriminant function, discriminant score, group centroid, and discriminant weights and loadings. Discusses methods for testing the statistical significance of a function, methods of using the function in classification, and the concept of rotating functions. Illustrates the…

Provides an example to illustrate the clustering approach. Discusses the variety of approaches in clustering; choice of cluster analytic techniques; the steps in cluster analysis; the data features such as level, shape, and scatter, that affect cluster results; alternate clustering methods and their relative effectiveness; and applications of…

Describes the loglinear model, and applies it to categorical data cross-tabulated on four dimensions. Defines contrasts similar to those of the analysis of variance and describes post hoc and planned comparison strategies. Illustrates hypothesis testing and model building for categorical data, providing guidelines for performing an analysis on…

Sees four implications for counseling as a result of the additions to research and theory building of social, developmental, and general psychology. From social influence theory and from cognitive, behavioral, humanistic, and developmental research, a prototype "systematic eclectic" task-model directed toward implications is offered. (Author)

Research directed toward maltreated children possesses an urgency characteristic of all problems of great social import. Child maltreatment sets in motion a probabilistic path that is characterized by failure in the successful resolution of major stage-salient issues of development. These developmental disruptions contribute to a profile of…

Discusses analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), a standard tool for data analysis in psychological research. Considers the two major ways in which psychologists have used the technique: for increasing the precision of estimation in randomized experiments and for seeking to remove bias in nonrandomized studies, comparing ANCOVA with analytic…