This report addresses concerns about the quality of biomedical and behavioral research conducted in the United States and the role that federally supported research and training plays in developing it. In addition, current and projected supply of and demand for scientists in the biomedical and behavioral fields is assessed. These fields include the clinical sciences, basic biomedical sciences, behavioral sciences, health services research, and nursing research. Research and training funding, involvement of Ph.D. scientists in clinical investigations, expansion of the postdoctoral population in basic medical sciences, and career outcomes of former National Institutes of Health predoctoral trainees and fellows are among the other areas assessed. In addition to specific recommendations related to each field, three general recommendations are presented: (1) the primary emphasis of National Research Service Awards programs should continue to be on postdoctoral rather than predoctoral training in most fields; (2) training grants should continue to be the dominant mechanism of support (the institutional component of such grants providing badly needed support to department programs); and (3) clinical investigators are still in short supply and efforts to attract them to research careers should continue. Supporting documentation and detailed data used in analysis leading to recommendations are included in appendices. (JM)