Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) have often worked in opposition to apartheid in South Africa. Experiences in Africa and Latin America show the inherently problematic nature of government-NGO relations. Their future in a more democratic South Africa may be in delivering needed social and educational services. (SK)

The Landless People's Movement in Brazil seeks agrarian reform and social justice. Its adult education, leadership, and technical training programs use principles of popular education. Its strengths are a radical political culture, open-ended educational inquiry, and linking of education to a tangible benefit: land reform. (SK)

Presents an immigrant/refugee entry legitimacy continuum extending from a point of uncontested legal entry to one of uncontested illegal entry. Discusses normal flow immigration, refugee admissions, resettlement, Cuban and Haitian special entrants, economic versus political motivations for migration, and issues involved in immigration…

Applies a model of change to an analysis of recent developments in family policy. The model includes such concepts as cultural values, ideology, purposive group action, and structural relations. Clarifies some of the contradictions and confusions of recent political and organizational developments concerning families. (Author/RC)

This paper assessing the development of libraries in Chile focuses on the public library movement. An introductory section on the historical, economic, technological, and educational background of Chile is provided, as well as a discussion of the adverse effect of the military regime on the country's cultural life. The main part of the paper…

Explores the evolution of equal educational opportunity from legal, historical, philosophical, and policy perspectives. Suggests how the goals of equal education may be pursued under "new federalism" and current economic decline, and describes the role that State legislatures and departments of education must play. (Author/GC)

Examines United States policy and practices in regard to immigrants and refugees. Observes that recent changes in refugee and immigration legislation may have provided the catalyst for less racial and ethnic discrimination in American domestic and foreign policy. Suggests that current trends point to the possibility of unity in cultural pluralism.…

Argues that the shifting urban American Indian organizational scene is elicited by outside factors that make organizations dependent on city, state, and federal bodies. Implications of the distinction between policy and politics for explaining ethnic group activity are discussed in relation to the American Indian Women's Service League. (Author/GC)

Reports on the impact on malnutrition of Mexico's Sistema de Alementacion Mexicana (SAM) program, which tried to make the country self-sufficient in basic foods. Concludes that the food problem in Mexico is not so much one of production as it is a problem of distribution and consumption. (PS)

The educational funding system in Massachusetts has become less equitable than before, since the passage of Proposition Two and a Half. A decision-making process driven by zero-sum economics, rather than educational needs, is particularly harmful to urban youth; failure to educate every young American threatens the nation's social and economic…

This document presents findings of an independent committee that was organized by the Twentieth Century Fund to study the Federal role in shaping educational policy, and includes the comprehensive background paper (prepared by Paul E. Peterson) on which the task force discussions were based. The report describes current problems in elementary and…

This paper chronicles important events surrounding the desegregation of Los Angeles public schools, focusing on underlying political factors and roles of various individuals and community groups in the desegregation process. The author's principal contention is that Los Angeles schools remain segregated because powerful individuals and groups have…

The effect of Benito Mussolini and the Fascist movement in post World War I Italy on the university is examined with focus on the Fascist-Catholic struggle for Italian youth during the time span 1922-1943. Discussed is the attempt of the Gioventie Universitaria Fascista (GUF), the official organization of the university students and the…

This report on the governance of public education in Washington, D.C. describes issues and conflicts that have arisen since the 19th century among the agencies which have exercised various forms and degrees of authority and responsibility for education in the District: The Board of School Trustees or Board of Education; the central city…

International cooperation in education in Guatemala is examined with regard to objectives, allocation, and effects of technical and financial assistance. The document is presented in two major sections. Section I focuses on how educational planners respond to social needs and political influences. Topics discussed include difficulties of…