Medical students undergoing a stressful process of adjustment, especially in their first year of studies, to the environment of medical school and hospital wards with their stringent requirements, are subject to a personal and professional identity crisis. Possible maladjustments may have profoundly negative affects on their studies and their…

Methods of helping students reduce test anxiety are discussed, including guided fantasy which leads students to imagine a setting in which they feel competent and relaxed. Catastrophic-anastrophic expectations teach that different expectations create different feelings and make students aware that they are in charge of their own attitudes. Anxiety…