For estimation of heterogeneity variance T[superscript 2] in meta-analysis of log-odds-ratio, we derive new mean- and median-unbiased point estimators and new interval estimators based on a generalized Q statistic, Q[subscript F], in which the weights depend on only the studies' effective sample sizes. We compare them with familiar estimators…

The paradigm on which a methodological approach is developed determines the situations in which its application will be most appropriate. The quantitative approach implies a positivist paradigm, the basis of which is cause-and-effect relationships, as well as the questioning and verifying of existing theories. Positivism aims to prove that…

"Using Sentiment Analysis to Ease Students toward or around Macroanalysis" introduces teachers to the mathematical analytical method currently being promoted by Matthew Jockers which he calls macroanalysis. This method uses an algorithm called "R," originally designed by researchers in sociology. In many ways, macroanalysis…

Social scientists seeking to inform policy or public action must carefully consider how to identify effects and express inferences because actions based on invalid inferences will not yield the intended results. Recognizing the complexities and uncertainties of social science, we seek to inform inevitable debates about causal inferences by…

Educational institutions abruptly implemented online higher education to cope with sanitary distance restrictions in 2020, causing an increment in student failure. This negative impact attracts the analyses of online higher education as a critical issue for educational systems. The early identification of students at risk is a strategy to cope…

In studies where the response variable is measured on a ratio scale, a ratio of means or medians provides a standardized measure of effect size that is an alternative to the popular standardized mean difference. Confidence intervals for ratios of population means and medians in independent-samples designs and paired-samples designs are proposed as…

Complex social scientific theories are conventionally tested using linear structural equation modeling (SEM). However, the underlying assumptions of linear SEM often prove unrealistic, making the decomposition of direct and indirect effects problematic. Recent advancements in causal mediation analysis can help to address these shortcomings,…

This article introduces the concept of the carrying capacity of data (CCD), defined as an integrated, evaluative judgment of the credibility of specific data-based inferences, informed by quantitative and qualitative analyses, leavened by experience. The sequential process of evaluating the CCD is represented schematically by a framework that can…

When correlation between variables is not explicit, data can be collected by adapting the quantitative measurement tools in use for quantitative measurement of possibility, a nonlinear measurement. This adaptation is possible because measurement data can be evaluated more qualitatively using parameters for possibility. These can be defined as…

Causal analyses typically focus on average treatment effects. Yet for substantive research on topics like inequality, interest extends to treatments' distributional consequences. When individuals differ in their responses to treatment, three types of inequality may result. Treatment may shape inequalities between subgroups defined by pretreatment…

An interval estimation procedure is discussed that can be used to evaluate the probability of a particular response for a binary or binary scored item at a pre-specified point along an underlying latent continuum. The item is assumed to: (a) be part of a unidimensional multi-component measuring instrument that may contain also polytomous items,…

In the past two decades, the interdisciplinary push to denaturalise the concept of society has historicised the very object of social history. In this paper, I propose a way of studying the social history of education that eludes the presupposition of the social as a transcendental or pre-discursive object. My central claim is that it is possible…

The traditional points system and subsequent Grade Point Average (GPA) in education perpetuates an evaluation of academic performance which reflects arbitrary weighting of assignments and/or assessments. As such, GPAs which are calculated using a traditional points system are not unidimensional in their design. The baseball batting and slugging…

This article reports the analysis of data from five different studies to identify predictors of preservice, early childhood teachers' views of (a) the nature of coding, (b) integration of coding into preschool classrooms, and (c) relation of coding to fields other than computer science (CS). Significant changes in views of coding were predicted by…

Many statistical methods (estimators) are available for estimating the consensus value (or average effect) and heterogeneity variance in interlaboratory studies or meta-analyses. These estimators are all valid because they are developed from or supported by certain statistical principles. However, no estimator can be perfect and must have error or…