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Direct linkPatall, Erika A.; Cooper, Harris; Robinson, Jorgianne Civey – Psychological Bulletin, 2008
A meta-analysis of 41 studies examined the effect of choice on intrinsic motivation and related outcomes in a variety of settings with both child and adult samples. Results indicated that providing choice enhanced intrinsic motivation, effort, task performance, and perceived competence, among other outcomes. Moderator tests revealed the effect…
Descriptors: Control Groups, Student Motivation, Rewards, Self Motivation
Heckhausen, Jutta; Wrosch, Carsten; Schulz, Richard – Psychological Review, 2010
This article had four goals. First, the authors identified a set of general challenges and questions that a life-span theory of development should address. Second, they presented a comprehensive account of their Motivational Theory of Life-Span Development. They integrated the model of optimization in primary and secondary control and the…
Descriptors: Motivation, Individual Development, Research Needs, Models
