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Verbal and Math Self-Concepts: An Internal/External Frame of Reference Model.
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Marsh, Herbert W. – 1984
This investigation examines empirical support for the internal/external (I/E) frame of reference model which describes the relationships between verbal and math self-concepts, and between these academic self-concepts and verbal and math achievement. The empirical tests are based on all studies (n=6,010; ages 7 to 35 years) that have employed any…
Descriptors: Academic Achievement, Elementary Secondary Education, Higher Education, Mathematics Achievement