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Download full textMuthen, Bengt; Khoo, Siek-Toon; Francis, David – 1998
Methods for investigating the influence of an early developmental process on a later process are discussed. Conventional growth modeling is found inadequate but a general growth mixture model is sufficiently flexible. The growth mixture model allows prediction of the later process using different trajectory classes for the early process. The…
Descriptors: Child Development, Elementary School Students, Phonemic Awareness, Primary Education
Peer reviewed
Direct linkVaughn, Sharon; Mathes, Patricia; Linan-Thompson, Sylvia; Cirino, Paul; Carlson, Coleen; Pollard-Durodola, Sharolyn; Cardenas-Hagan, Elsa; Francis, David – Elementary School Journal, 2006
A first-grade reading and language development intervention for English language learners (Spanish/English) at risk for reading difficulties was examined. The intervention was conducted in the same language as students' core reading instruction (English). Two hundred sixteen first-grade students from 14 classrooms in 4 schools from 2 districts…
Descriptors: Second Language Learning, Reading Instruction, Intervention, Instructional Effectiveness
