The optical lantern projector was first introduced as a teaching aid into schools all over the world at the turn of the twentieth century. Because slides were expensive, special slide lending services played an important role in supplying schools with images they could project. Existing studies on the use of this new medium in education have…

This Eurydice brief presents the main findings of the Eurydice report Citizenship Education at School in Europe -- 2017, published in October 2017 and produced under the auspices of the European Commission. Data is based on existing regulations and recommendations gathered by the Eurydice Network in 42 education systems, complemented by findings…

In this article we focus on two specific cases illustrating how similar issues have been addressed differently. Flanders, a federal state of Belgium, and the Netherlands share Dutch as an official language, yet remarkable differences in assessment traditions and policy development exist between them. These differences are most obvious with regard…

This long-awaited synthesis approaches the past three centuries with an eye to highlighting the importance of significant schools, as well as important women educators in the emergence of secondary education for girls. At the same time, each contributor pays careful attention to the specific political, cultural, and socio-economic factors that…

To understand Belgian educational policy, one must consider Belgium's ongoing transition to a federal state. Belgium has been a polarized society, divided into Catholic organizations defending religious schools and Socialist and Liberal organizations promoting neutral education. Since assuming responsibility for educational policy in 1989, each…

The language planning activities undertaken by Belgium's government suggest that the goals of linguistic legislation have changed over time, reflecting the evolution and complex interplay of social, cultural, political, and economic characteristics. Initially, language legislation stemmed from the desire of Flemish militants to protect and promote…