Racial discrimination and racial segregation resulting from discrimination have an effect upon life in central cities. In central cities the costs of retail business and of housing are often higher than elsewhere. Minority group populations, concentrated in ghettos of central cities, are subect to limited job opportunities. The results of racial…

Comparative analysis of urban history illuminates similar general patterns of occcupation and residence for Blacks and Chicanos from the late nineteenth century to World War II. Distinct Black and Chicano neighborhoods in American cities were the products of "ghettoization" and "barrioization." Ghetto expansion during the early…