SHAPE America (2021) contends the use of physical activity used as punishment and/or behavior management as an inappropriate practice. The position statement acknowledges both the administration and withholding of physical activity as punishment, however, this paper focuses on the use of exercise as punishment (EAP) in physical education settings.…

In a time period characterized by the continual decline of fitness and physical activity among American youths, Pilates can provide physical educators a unique activity that will improve fitness and stimulate the cognitive domain of today's students. Because the Pilates method of exercise encourages the development of strong and flexible muscles…

This paper traces the history of the development of formal training for physical education teachers. The evolution of physical fitness training in American schools is discussed from its inception in the early 1800s, when the concept of the union of bodily health and academic achievement was first emphasized by German immigrants to the United…

Dudley A. Sargent, M.D., was Director of the Hemenway Gymnasium at Harvard University for 1879 to 1919. For the first ten years he was also an Assistant Professor of Physical Training. In 1889, President Eliot recommended that Dr. Sargent be promoted to full professor. In an unprecedented action the Board of Overseers rejected Eliot's…

Highlights group and task differences between teaching and coaching which favor coaching, thus making it more amenable to exercise influence by coaches and more motivational than teaching. A model synthesizing antecedents of role preference, influences of organizational and environmental elements, enacted role, role congruence, and resulting job…

This article provides the physical education instructor with important guidelines that should be followed when developing exercise programs for children with asthma. (IAH)

This article describes successful efforts by physical education teachers at Elberton Elementary School (GA) to construct an affordable pull-up board that could be used to help improve students' arm and upper body strength. An explanation is given of how to use the machine, and the benefits to students are briefly discussed. (IAH)

This article presents questions regarding the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004 (IDEA) and its 2006 regulations. The author's answers to these questions are presented.

Appropriate physical conditioning can improve the physical and psychological health of pregnant students, ease delivery, aid recovery, and contribute to fetal health. This article discusses the importance of exercise during pregnancy, effects of exercise on maternal and fetal systems, and outlines precautions and guidelines for an exercise plan.…

Compares the cultural role of sports and physical education in various countries around the world. The author discusses how the motivations underlying the demand for physical exercise and sports will affect future cultural roles of professional and recreational sports. (AM)

Precautionary measures that should be taken by individuals to provide for safer participation in a vigorous exercise program are outlined, including the need for physical examinations, physical conditioning and warm-up, proper clothing and equipment, and awareness of environmental hazards. (JMF)

This paper draws on the findings of a recent study of the Daily Physical Education Program in Queensland, Australia. A number of proposals are made concerning the future of daily physical education in schools. Two points in particular are emphasized. The first is that the quality and appropriateness of the research that has underpinned the…

Researchers recommend that physical educators pursue a public health goal, preparing students for a lifetime of physical activity. If the role physical educators play in improving health is better understood by public health professionals, support for quality physical education programs will increase. (SM)

Examines proposed changes in school physical education. Although researchers recommend promoting lifetime health through school physical education, it is not known which features promote active lifestyles and which do not. Professionals must learn more about promoting positive attitudes toward healthful living and develop a continuous,…

Argues that educators of young children need to prioritize exercise in their students' lives to enhance physical and psychological health. Guides teachers in creating developmentally appropriate exercise, creative movement activities, movement and make believe activities, and health stops. Provides specific daily activities, references, and…