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Direct linkWu, Zongjie – Journal of Curriculum Studies, 2014
This is a response to the commentaries on my essay, "Interpretation, autonomy, and transformation". However, the response is reoriented to further interpretation of Chinese pedagogic discourse in the late-19th century, which is often blamed for hampering China's educational advance. Instead of considering Classical Confucian pedagogy as…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Educational History, Confucianism, Instruction
Peer reviewedD'Costa, Ayres – Mid-Western Educational Researcher, 1991
Analyzes the evolution of Chinese national examinations with the "catastrophe" model. Goals, content, form, and process of exams were influenced by social and political forces. Competence over 4,000 years of Chinese history was defined as military prowess, Confucian-style scholarship, Western-style military expertise, proletarian…
Descriptors: Asian History, Foreign Countries, Mathematical Models, Measurement Techniques
