This paper analyzes the value of student retention practices, or of flunking students, and presents viable options. Advocates of retention argue that it prevents future academic failure, ensures mastery of the basic skills necessary for success in higher grades, and motivates students. However, others argue that retention is associated with…

Discusses concern generated among Arizona tribal leaders by education reform measures. Reviews trends in Indian education including dropout rates, lags in academic achievement, and university retention and graduation rates. Illustrates mechanisms through which universities can implement effective schooling for Indians at local levels. (NEC)