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Direct linkHubbard, Russ – Phi Delta Kappan, 2009
In this article, the author makes a distinction between two kinds of change: tinkering change and systemic change. Tinkering change includes reforms intended to address a specific deficiency or practice. Such tinkering change can be contrasted to what Shakespeare termed "sea change" in "The Tempest" ("a sea change into something rich and strange")…
Descriptors: Educational Change, Systems Approach, Role of Education, Compulsory Education
Peer reviewedHunt, John W.; Morice, Linda C. – American Educational History Journal, 2008
This essay explores factors creating Missouri's minimum attendance laws for black students from the end of the Civil War to the enactment of compulsory education in the state in 1905. It argues that, although blacks made notable efforts at educational advancement, they were caught in a crossfire of opposing forces stemming from wartime…
Descriptors: United States History, Compulsory Education, War, Counties
