This article responds to Liam Gearon's reply to my article "Misrepresenting Religious Education's Past and Present in Looking Forward: Gearon Using Kuhn's Concepts of Paradigm, Paradigm Shift and Incommensurability." In maintaining my critique of Gearon's use of Kuhn's terminology, I question his claim that 'incommensurability' does not…

For Muslims, particularly those interested in Sufism, the existence of the Naqshbandiyah Sufi order has a peculiar position. It is because of, among others, the considerable effect of Sufi order's tenet on the Islamic world, particularly in Indonesia, India, China, and Middle East countries. In Indonesia, the impact of Sufi order tenet has been…

Despite the rise in anti-Islamic sentiment, Muslim youth's experiences of religious discrimination are under researched. The goal of this paper is to better understand the complexities associated with religious discrimination for youth and adolescents and how to mitigate the harm caused by these discriminatory experiences. This mixed methods…

Community-based, Judaism-intensive action groups (Hebrew: Gar'inim Toraniim--GTs) are religiously motivated to settle in Israeli development towns, seeking to narrow social gaps through education. However, their influence has never been fully clarified. This study is grounded in the theory of educational gentrification and introduces the concept…

Muslims face racism based on their racialized religious identities, yet few address their experiences through critical race theory or campus racial climate. This paper addresses how religious students rate institutional commitments to campus diversity when considering racial and religious respect. This study examines undergraduate experience…

This paper investigates the role of religion in developing human beings in the form of a Sufism-based education, one that is based on the pursuit for the perfect human. This investigation aimed to demonstrate that a human being is an "insan kamil," a person with seven levels of mental and moral development. Religion and spirituality play…

European/UNESCO interculturalism (IC) emerged as a critique of multiculturalism (MC) (complicated by the fact that there is an alternative interculturalism, not discussed here). I suggest that this relationship has gone through three phases. "Phase one" begins in the 1990s with a general dissatisfaction with MC from many political and…

General education (GE) classes are designed to reflect the mission and goals of the university and to help students become more well-rounded, career-ready, and civically-minded post-graduation. Students' perceptions of these courses have a significant influence on their capacity to succeed, and ultimately to get the most out of their college…

Pedagogue's fallacy occurs when epistemological principles are applied by educators that in fact do not tell of, or explain, or help understand, the subject at hand. It is identified and introduced in this article to raise an important issue in the construction of pedagogical models of religious education: knowledge is reduced and/or distorted to…

This article argues for the deep integration of encounters with religious diversity into theological education. Some seminaries and theological schools, like Emmanuel College in the Toronto School of Theology, have made it a matter of institutional mission to prepare students to provide leadership and spiritual care in contexts of religious…

The world religions paradigm (WRP), often regarded as hegemonic in research and education in religious studies, has long been criticized for being modeled on predominantly Protestant, Christian, and Western ideas about religion, and thus running the risk of reductionism and of a failure to recognize expressions of religion that do not fit this…

The aim of this article is to interact critically with Matthew Clayton and David Stevens's recent critique of non-confessional religious education, constituted as a separate, compulsory subject in the school curriculum. Three different critical arguments are considered: the contention that religious education is an unsuitable vehicle for fostering…

In 2015, the High Court ruled that the British Government had made 'a false and misleading statement of law' when it claimed a Religious Studies (RS) GCSE syllabus that excluded the systematic teaching of non-religious worldviews like humanism would meet the statutory requirements for teaching Religious Education (RE) at Key Stage 4. This was…

Islamic education is a central pivot of Pakistan's educational system; it is taught as a separate subject and purposefully included in many other subjects. The State uses Islam to manage public morality and national identity and there is a 'functionalisation' (Starrett, 1998) of religious education. A culturally lived tradition is transformed into…

This paper is a literature review of the fulfillment of the rights of "Aliran Kebatinan/Kepercayaan" followers, or "Penghayat Kepercayaan," to obtain religious education in Indonesia. "Aliran Kebatinan" or "Kebatinan" is a religious community that has been discriminated since the Independence of Indonesia.…