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The Development of Co-Operation and Competition in Japanese Public Schools: Two National Surveys.
Shwalb, Barbara J.; Shwalb, David W. – Evaluation in Education: An International Review Series, 1985
Japanese school teachers provided examples of cooperative and competitive student behaviors in order to construct rating scales. Further ranking and factor analysis resulted in nine competitive and eight cooperative items. Age differences are discussed, as well as the Japanese society's encouragement of cooperative activities. The items are…
Descriptors: Behavior Rating Scales, Competition, Cooperation, Cross Cultural Studies
Japanese Cooperative and Competitive Attitudes: Age and Gender Effects.
Peer reviewed Peer reviewed
Shwalb, David W.; Shwalb, Barbara J. – International Journal of Behavioral Development, 1985
Finds that (1) while females were significantly more cooperative and males more competitive than were subjects of the opposite sex, both sexes responded much more positively toward cooperative than competitive items and (2) cooperative and competitive orientation varies across activities. Age, gender, and situational factors were related to…
Descriptors: Age Differences, Attitude Measures, Competition, Cooperation