Virtual reality learning environment (VRLE), which allow students to transcend time and space and provide them with a sense of immersion, is becoming more common in education. Although many studies have explored the effects of VRLE on learners' learning outcomes as well as learning experiences, the results of these studies indicate that the…

Tangible programming tools have become a mainstream teaching aid in gamification programming learning (GPL) due to their interactivity and ability to enhance novice learners' computational thinking and spatial reasoning skills. However, comparing the relative efficacy of different programming tools that simultaneously support these skills was not…

This research employs the fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) method to investigate the configurations of multiple factors influencing scientific concept learning, including augmented reality (AR) technology, the concept map (CM) strategy and individual differences (eg, prior knowledge, experience and attitudes). A quasi-experiment…