Explores the code mixing behaviors of Puerto Rican return immigrants in interaction among themselves in order to observe how their dual ethnic experience is reflected in the theory of code-mixing behaviors. Subjects were 13 Puerto Rican immigrants who were born in New York City and had been in Puerto Rico for a least 3 years. (Author/VWL)

Addresses the social psychological paradox of learning a language, which in one interethnic situation represents the "ingroup" language, while in another interethnic context, it represents the "outgroup" language, a situation characterizing the language-learning experience of most Puerto Rican return migrants (PRRMs). (25…

The locus of control, whether internal or external, is an influential concept in second-language learning. One observes it, for example, in Puerto Rican students returning to Puerto Rico to take university-level courses. Explanations address a teaching method relying on use of problems with examples in such a way as to empower students. This also…

Reports on a study that sought to determine whether adult English-as-a-Second-Language students with internal orientations on two dimensions of locus of control also had positive expectancies about their life situations in the United States and a higher degree of proficiency in their English interlanguage than their counterparts with external…

Eight students taking English as a Second Language in a Puerto Rican university kept dialog journals in which they discussed English as a symbol of U.S. colonial domination of Puerto Rico and the erosion of Puerto Rican cultural identity, the relative importance of English and Spanish, and contradictions related to U.S. citizenship and the need…