Speakers of Turkish and Greek make far more extensive use of formulaic expressions than do speakers of English. Many of these formulas are situation-oriented, and accompany anxiety-provoking events, happy events, and the act of establishing rapport. Illness, death, leave-taking, and good fortune are among events typically accompanied by formulas.…

This review presents the educational implications of recent research and related theory indicating that morality and convention are understood within distinct conceptual systems with independent courses of development. People differentiate between moral actions affecting the rights or well-being of others and social conventional actions whose…

Values and benefits derived from the study of American history have changed over the years. Historians must more adequately describe the principal benefits to be obtained from the study of American history and consider ways in which history instruction can be revitalized to help those benefits to be realized. (CJ)

The Black community is discussed in relation to ethnicity, a process involving the search for identity. Ethnicity is defined as an ongoing response to categorical ascription by others as well as to the creation and incorporation of symbols into the collective identity. (Author/JLF)

Includes a review of the origin and nature of the Protestant (Work) Ethic and a brief outline of some alternative ethics. Ethical and practical problems arise when career education presumes to advocate a single traditional work ethic; this article suggests a solution to these problems. (Author)

Reviews the theoretical and empirical literature dealing with functionalist and conflict perspectives of the social processes of rule-creation, rule-maintenance, and the relationship of these processes to deviant behavior. (DR)

Television can be an important medium for the teaching and learning of the developing child. This article explores how social learning theory and the cross-cultural images and portrayals on television might influence the multicultural attitudes, values, and beliefs of children. (Contains 22 references.) (Author)

A study of the various facets and dimensions of literacy programs in South Asia indicates that literacy is viewed as a means of human resource development geared toward meaningful participation of all sectors in society, with individual programs varying according to the magnitude of illiteracy, national goals, linguistic setting, and regional…

Traditional social taboos against questioning established structures of social rule have subverted schools' responsibility to cultivate the reasoned debate which is essential to our intelligent survival in a world and future which need rethinking. (CB)

Examines the relationship between episodes of binge drinking by undergraduates (N=592) and the extent to which students saw decisions about alcohol use as involving five domains of sociomoral reasoning. Results indicate that undergraduates who abused alcohol the most used their thinking skills in an immature manner that emphasized personal choice…

Study examines interaction between ninth-grade readers' (N=72) social desirability concerns and comprehension of text that does or does not violate social values. Results reveal that comprehension scores increased with reading level, and were lower on paragraphs that violated social values. Students with higher social desirability concerns had…

Biases in social comparative judgments, such as those illustrated by above-average and comparative-optimism effects, are often regarded as products of motivated reasoning (e.g., self-enhancement). These effects, however, can also be produced by information-processing limitations or aspects of judgment processes that are not necessarily biased by…

Although Democrat Jimmy Carter and Republican Ronald Reagan appealed to many of the same basic American values in the 1980 presidential campaign debate, there were some subtle but major differences in their value appeals. Other than attempting to convince his audience that his policies had been and would be successful and that Reagan's policies…

Examines benefits to individuals and society of cooperative--as opposed to competitive--interpersonal relationships. Discusses children's sports, games, and play as means to promote cooperation and reviews research showing positive effects of children's cooperative play. Provides standards for a cooperative philosophy that would promote positive…

Among the many outside influences on Appalachian culture in the late 19th-early 20th centuries were reformers and educators, many of them women who came to the mountains to work as teachers, settlement workers, and nurses. This paper focuses on settlement schools in eastern Kentucky as the locus of interaction between reformers and mountain women.…