When writers write, how do they decide to whom they are speaking? How does this decision affect writers' cognition about writing? Their motivation to write? In this article, I review literature on cognitive and social processes of writing, conceptualizations of audience, writing across distinct learning environments, and writers' motivations. I…

The strengths of Black youths lie in their abilities to resist the barriers that they encounter in the various environments in which they exist. Yet the media and social science literature have defined the youths in terms of the pathology of their environments rather than focusing on the assets that Black youths use in such environments. Thus,…

Identifies a number of possible epistemological perspectives that can be taken on the changing nature of curricular knowledge in science and considers some of the normative characteristics of each. The varieties of knowledge and value perspectives associated with each inform teachers and students how they are expected to think about the subject.…

The purpose of this study was to describe international perspectives concerning terms, definitions, and meanings of adapted physical activity (APA) as (a) activities or service delivery, (b) a profession, and (c) an academic field of study. Gergen's social constructionism, our theory, guided analysis of multiple sources of data via qualitative…

Provides a theoretical framework for understanding the reality reconstructions, identity transformations, and role readjustments that must be made by involuntarily childless couples who are unable to make the transition to parenthood as they had anticipated. (Author/ABB)

For many years, professional career counseling practice has been based on psychological rather than sociological theories. This paper argues that sociological theories, particularly those of French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu (P. Bourdieu and L. Wacquant, 1992) are important for the framework of the counselor. (Author/JDM)

Frames the author-reader-text relationships in terms of contractual agreements. Explores the nature of these contracts and what they entail for authors, readers, and those involved in teaching reading and writing. (RL)

Analyzes Thomas Farrell's discussion of the distinction between male and female modes of rhetoric. Discusses the linking of theory to experience and the creation of nonadversarial argument which suggests two pedagogical practices that can help overcome the dominance of current-traditional rhetoric in the writing classroom. (MG)

Empathy is a critical factor in maintaining peace, respect and civility in our schools. The experience of reciprocal affect and accurate perspective taking comprise the components of empathy and stimulate the motivation to ameliorate the condition of another. The cognitive, physiological and social development of empathy is described with…

The president of Association for Specialists in Group Work, a counselor trainer, and a consultant on group counseling, reported questions most often asked and framed responses mindful of beginning and practicing group counselors. Answers cover such topics as group size, selection, emotions, roles, leadership and other areas. (Author/CMG)

Explores multiple understandings of empathy: as affective resonance, as cognitive understanding and perspective taking, as action and cognizance, and as imagination. Offers definitions of, and obstacles to, empathy. Focuses on systemic empathy, gender empathy, and ethnic empathy. Discusses perspective taking in marriage and describes techniques…

Analyzes the construct of leadership embodied in management literature and the emphasis placed on training for leadership in organizations. Contrasts social work's past history of leadership with the present gap in leadership development. Proposes ways to strengthen education for leadership in schools of social work. (Author/ABB)

A synthesis is presented of the work of Lindblom and Cohen, MacDonald and Walker, and the current authors. The synthesis considers issues in the usefulness of social science theory and research, and how observer roles in qualitative field studies yield multiple kinds of usable knowledge to a variety of audiences. (Author/BW)

Compares the many-perspectives account of lexical acquisition--which proposes that children learn to take alternative perspectives along with the words they acquire--to the one-perspective account--which proposes that children are at first able to use only one term to talk about an object or event. Provides evidence from a variety of sources that…

"Breadth of perspective" is a significant concept for definition of public goals, especially in line with the two-way symmetric model of public relations practice. The concept involves four components: (1) awareness that more than one definition, stand, or conclusion is possible and is probably accepted as valid by significant persons or…