This review of research investigates ways in which the resurgence of the political right and the feminist backlash have attempted to impose a "common-sense" concept of masculinity on the education of boys. Explores the effect of masculinity on boys' literacy practices and argues for teaching practices grounded in social construction of gender.…

College students have been shown to consistently overestimate the drinking of their peers. As a result, social norms approaches are effective in correcting these misperceived norms to reduce alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems. In this review of literature, the authors critically evaluated the effectiveness of personalized normative…

The article presents a working definition of rule-governed behavior, describes research regarding the insensitivity of rule-governed behavior to contingency changes, and provides guidelines for the effective use of academic and conduct rules and for preventing problems associated with insensitivity to changed contingencies. (Author/JDD)

Examines problems of the aged in organized crime, basing discussion on organized crime bosses over age 60 operating in Italy, the United States, and Israel. Looks at problems stemming from normative system in organized crime, role of the aged, intergenerational problems, fears of the aged, excuses and justifications, standards of life, and…

Organizational changes, within the existing structure of public schooling, have the potential to decrease the oppositional behavior of students and to foster humane, positive learning and working enviroments. It has been documented that managers can create organizational structures that promote positive behaviors and facilitate people's…

Describes the relationship of male and female suicide patterns to growth in the female labor force during the 1950's and 1960's. Suggests working women represented a weakening of sex role norms. Proposes role conflict ensued resulting in increased female suicides and suicide potential. (Author/ JAC)

Explores the relationship between college students' self-reports of adolescent substance use and scores on indices tapping different aspects of guilt. Results suggest that a stronger internalization of societal standards, as reflected by higher scores on Standards and Situational Guilt, may prove a useful tool in the prevention of substance use.…

Based on the idea that universities are places in which argument is an essential element, the standards that should apply to such argument are examined, drawing on the literature of communication, persuasion, and educational philosophy. A variety of perspectives are examined and critiqued, and it is concluded that regulation of argument is a…

Some studies indicate that individuals recognize conventional norms as social contrivances; others, that individuals reify social formations as something other than social products. Questions about comparatively transparent rules and the use of simplistic questions for complex phenomena give an exaggerated portrayal of individuals' awareness of…

Examines the debate concerning the relationship between the news media and the social order. Defines the concept of hegemony and explores research supporting and criticizing the media hegemony thesis. Identifies central issues confronting these varied interpretations. Suggests ways to refine research exploring the news media's production of…

Provides an overview of the field of literacy studies, describing the range of work that has been covered and identifying current unresolved issues as ways of suggesting future directions and showing ways that literacy can be seen as an integral part of language. (Author/VWL)

Review of literature on gender-linked aspects of nonverbal behavior reveals that the differences in nonverbal behavior are in line with societal expectations calling for women to be reactive and for men to be proactive. Communication between the sexes is discussed in terms of smiling, personal space, touch, and talk. (JMF)

Discusses the relationship between the normative structure of science and the use of electronic networks by researchers. Literature on social and technical norms in science is reviewed, and empirical data gathered in an earlier study of researchers and managers through focus groups, interviews, questionnaires, and surveys are reanalyzed. (65…

This article discusses key issues of literacy that are important to both teachers and learners for understanding, and summarizes the function of literacy in three different groups: primary education, adult education, and communities with unwritten languages. The article investigates the scope of literacy, showing how this concept may be defined…

Discusses accepted standards of care for suicidal patients from the perspectives of the law, malpractice insurance claims, the mental health professions, and the ideal. A review of decisions of professional liability provides guidelines for what the court considers to be adequate care, suggesting an acceptance of minimal standards. (JAC)